{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133225567","doi":null,"title":"The Economic Value of Opportunity Youth","display_name":"The Economic Value of Opportunity Youth","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133225567","mag":"2133225567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cbcse-1025","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cbcse/32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Center for Benefit-Cost Studies of Education","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034988276","display_name":"Clive Belfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-7540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-7540","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3905-6744"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clive Belfield","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-7540","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031969774","display_name":"Henry M. Levin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-9615","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-9615"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry M. Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-9615","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William R. Heard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Heard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.4829,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99315982,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12714","display_name":"Youth Education and Societal Dynamics","score":0.6963000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12714","display_name":"Youth Education and Societal Dynamics","score":0.6963000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":0.27880001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunity-youth","display_name":"opportunity youth","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neet-youth","display_name":"NEET youth","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-unemployment","display_name":"youth unemployment","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-to-work-transition","display_name":"school-to-work transition","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-costs","display_name":"social costs","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-costs","display_name":"fiscal costs","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-crime","display_name":"crime costs","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-assistance","display_name":"social assistance","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-and-training","display_name":"education and training","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-revenue","display_name":"tax revenue","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"productivity","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-disconnection","display_name":"youth disconnection","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-youth","display_name":"African American youth","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latino-youth","display_name":"Latino youth","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6004082560539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.368999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24958813190460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:cbcse-1025","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cbcse/32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Center for Benefit-Cost Studies of Education","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:harvest.issuelab.org:25648","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.issuelab.org/permalink/resource/25648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196281","display_name":"Issue Lab (Candid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210144560","host_organization_name":"Candid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144560"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Report/Whitepaper"},{"id":"mag:2133225567","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bostonopportunityyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EconomicValueOfOpportunityYouth.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11065702","https://openalex.org/W33481488","https://openalex.org/W633125769","https://openalex.org/W1486258806","https://openalex.org/W1496024107","https://openalex.org/W1499862992","https://openalex.org/W1503914621","https://openalex.org/W1530590753","https://openalex.org/W1533419374","https://openalex.org/W1563131263","https://openalex.org/W1575372111","https://openalex.org/W1596426387","https://openalex.org/W1671220143","https://openalex.org/W1865596227","https://openalex.org/W1971935825","https://openalex.org/W1975974019","https://openalex.org/W1979953427","https://openalex.org/W1981565492","https://openalex.org/W1991954685","https://openalex.org/W2010090127","https://openalex.org/W2014700769","https://openalex.org/W2022583383","https://openalex.org/W2024286124","https://openalex.org/W2025983490","https://openalex.org/W2032066800","https://openalex.org/W2050482467","https://openalex.org/W2050931047","https://openalex.org/W2055474347","https://openalex.org/W2058815214","https://openalex.org/W2060267453","https://openalex.org/W2060726188","https://openalex.org/W2061501071","https://openalex.org/W2071684464","https://openalex.org/W2097275837","https://openalex.org/W2098731889","https://openalex.org/W2105050599","https://openalex.org/W2109966409","https://openalex.org/W2117167143","https://openalex.org/W2131048770","https://openalex.org/W2132510463","https://openalex.org/W2134956426","https://openalex.org/W2135558480","https://openalex.org/W2136915936","https://openalex.org/W2157522835","https://openalex.org/W2164662768","https://openalex.org/W2185534814","https://openalex.org/W2280643619","https://openalex.org/W2516003490","https://openalex.org/W2563418004","https://openalex.org/W2620626604","https://openalex.org/W3121789376","https://openalex.org/W3123918203","https://openalex.org/W3124942897","https://openalex.org/W3126039412","https://openalex.org/W3127872592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6990562158","https://openalex.org/W2478327536","https://openalex.org/W320059823","https://openalex.org/W7071941525","https://openalex.org/W2120903406","https://openalex.org/W233957074","https://openalex.org/W4252034221","https://openalex.org/W7095098241","https://openalex.org/W1553313190","https://openalex.org/W6997317234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,357,397,407,426],"often":[2],"said":[3],"that":[4,19,218,238,273,405],"youth":[5,50,99,114,162,189,219,308,394,412],"are":[6,100,226,245,393],"society's":[7],"future;":[8],"individuals":[9],"need":[10],"to":[11,21,56,104,180,228,235,248,253,281,379,403,450],"prepare":[12],"and":[13,24,35,82,87,92,131,199,223,232,266,283,310,343,350,361,435,446],"nurture":[14],"them":[15,380,388],"if":[16],"they":[17,52,203,225,244,353],"desire":[18],"future":[20,431],"be":[22,292],"bright":[23],"productive.":[25],"Yet,":[26],"with":[27,116],"the":[28,39,47,61,65,78,96,109,112,178,185,196,201,216,271,286,297,317,332,338,348,366,384,423,444,448,451],"spotlight":[29],"currently":[30],"on":[31,46,263,359,427,461],"slow":[32],"economic":[33,420,438],"growth":[34,439],"high":[36,174],"unemployment":[37,66,80],"across":[38],"U.S.,":[40,339],"there":[41,290],"has":[42,312],"been":[43,314],"little":[44],"focus":[45,425],"plight":[48],"of":[49,63,68,111,125,161,173,307,331,334,371],"as":[51,256,259,261,276,316,345,347,363,365,381,389],"transition":[53,179],"from":[54],"school":[55],"adult":[57],"life.":[58,214],"But":[59],"in":[60,154,168,213,251,320,443],"summer":[62],"2011,":[64],"rate":[67],"16-24":[69],"year":[70],"olds":[71],"was":[72,90,119],"more":[73,246],"than":[74,121,377],"18%":[75],"or":[76,156,182,323,369,458],"twice":[77],"overall":[79,113],"rate;":[81],"for":[83,149,337,429],"young":[84],"African":[85,133],"Americans":[86,134],"Hispanics":[88],"it":[89,102],"30%":[91],"20%,":[93],"respectively.":[94],"At":[95],"same":[97],"time,":[98],"finding":[101],"hard":[103],"get":[105,249],"any":[106],"work":[107,181,254],"experience:":[108],"percentage":[110,127],"population":[115],"a":[117,123,137,150,205,328,414],"job":[118,151],"less":[120],"50%,":[122],"decline":[124],"7":[126],"points":[128],"since":[129],"2008,":[130],"among":[132,373],"only":[135,208],"about":[136],"third":[138],"had":[139,163],"jobs.":[140],"Many":[141],"who":[142],"were":[143,146],"not":[144,191,207,398],"employed":[145],"neither":[147],"looking":[148],"nor":[152],"engaged":[153],"education":[155,222,434],"training.":[157],"A":[158],"large":[159,293],"number":[160],"already":[164,313],"terminated":[165],"their":[166,340],"education,":[167],"many":[169,301],"cases":[170],"dropping":[171],"out":[172],"school,":[175],"without":[176],"making":[177],"even":[183],"into":[184,200],"labor":[186],"market.":[187],"When":[188],"do":[190],"make":[192],"smooth":[193],"transitions":[194],"through":[195,433,440,454],"educational":[197],"system":[198],"workplace,":[202,445],"pay":[204],"price":[206],"today,":[209],"but":[210,417],"also":[211,278,418],"later":[212],"To":[215,270],"degree":[217,272],"lack":[220],"sufficient":[221],"work,":[224],"likely":[227,247],"require":[229],"public":[230,264,462],"services":[231],"contribute":[233],"minimally":[234],"tax":[236,456],"revenues":[237,457],"support":[239],"government":[240,267],"services.":[241,463],"More":[242],"specifically,":[243],"involved":[250],"alternatives":[252],"such":[255,275],"criminal":[257,287],"activities,":[258,344],"well":[260,346,364],"rely":[262],"assistance":[265],"health":[268],"programs.":[269],"activities":[274],"crime":[277],"have":[279],"costs":[280,295,352],"victims":[282],"society":[284],"beyond":[285,296],"justice":[288],"system,":[289],"can":[291],"social":[294,349,415],"fiscal":[298,351],"ones.":[299],"In":[300],"other":[302],"industrialized":[303],"countries,":[304],"this":[305,335],"phenomenon":[306],"disadvantage":[309],"disconnection":[311],"recognized":[315],"so-called":[318],"NEET--Not":[319],"Education,":[321],"Employment":[322],"Training--challenge.":[324],"This":[325],"report":[326],"presents":[327],"detailed":[329],"picture":[330],"size":[333],"group":[336],"demographic":[341],"makeup":[342],"present.":[354],"Particular":[355],"detail":[356],"placed":[358],"race":[360],"gender":[362],"relative":[367],"absence":[368],"intensity":[370],"activity":[372],"opportunity":[374,390,409],"youth.":[375,391],"Rather":[376],"referring":[378],"NEET":[382],"youth,":[383],"authors":[385],"will":[386],"describe":[387],"These":[392,411],"whose":[395],"potential":[396,406],"being":[399],"fully":[400],"realized--individuals'":[401],"failure":[402],"harness":[404],"an":[408,419],"missed.":[410],"represent":[413],"opportunity,":[416],"one.":[421],"Thus,":[422],"authors'":[424],"opportunities":[428],"raising":[430],"productivity":[432],"training,":[436],"expanding":[437],"increased":[441,455],"participation":[442],"relieving":[447],"burden":[449],"taxpayer":[452],"either":[453],"reduced":[459],"reliance":[460]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
