{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132692012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","title":"Social Security in Theory and Practice (II): Efficiency Theories, Narrative Theories, and Implications for Reform","display_name":"Social Security in Theory and Practice (II): Efficiency Theories, Narrative Theories, and Implications for Reform","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132692012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","mag":"2132692012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076609974","display_name":"Casey B. Mulligan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9357-3446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9357-3446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casey Mulligan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","University of Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003225740","display_name":"Xavier Sala-i-Mart\u00edn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Sala-i-Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.4011000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.4011000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.3125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13825","display_name":"Economic Policies and Impacts","score":0.1590999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security","display_name":"social security","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/funded-pensions","display_name":"funded pensions","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficiency-theory","display_name":"efficiency theory","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narratology","display_name":"narrative theory","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-security-reform","display_name":"social security reform","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-return","display_name":"rate of return","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-income-growth","display_name":"labor income growth","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-rates","display_name":"tax rates","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.7037415504455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777111884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Social security","level":2,"score":0.5184664130210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992242676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323572","display_name":"Social reform","level":3,"score":0.5086715817451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4520183205604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41852734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990987","display_name":"Social theory","level":2,"score":0.423947274684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205294977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7237364","display_name":"Practice theory","level":2,"score":0.421148419380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3988046944141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3903748393058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.38564351201057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.2763608694076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27519288659095764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17059218883514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13014617562294006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12281322479248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.12062439322471619}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:upf:upfgen:385","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/385.pdf","pdf_url":"https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/385.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:7119","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w7119.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w7119.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori.upf.edu:10230/488","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://econ-papers.upf.edu/ca/paper.php?id=385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402615","display_name":"Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","host_organization_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},{"id":"mag:3122363473","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/upf/upfgen/385.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3148471966","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/7119.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:recercat.cat:2072/531","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10230/488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402147","display_name":"RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7119","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2132692012.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2132692012.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175207261","https://openalex.org/W569124402","https://openalex.org/W951631542","https://openalex.org/W1512848952","https://openalex.org/W1514196285","https://openalex.org/W1525182654","https://openalex.org/W1525630478","https://openalex.org/W1533052595","https://openalex.org/W1550525361","https://openalex.org/W1555030333","https://openalex.org/W1556162855","https://openalex.org/W1574635603","https://openalex.org/W1596682562","https://openalex.org/W1597713794","https://openalex.org/W1815167514","https://openalex.org/W1961069153","https://openalex.org/W1967263900","https://openalex.org/W1975378408","https://openalex.org/W1977117756","https://openalex.org/W1988560555","https://openalex.org/W2002921349","https://openalex.org/W2003180600","https://openalex.org/W2006297830","https://openalex.org/W2007017643","https://openalex.org/W2011002138","https://openalex.org/W2021515479","https://openalex.org/W2023050239","https://openalex.org/W2028695319","https://openalex.org/W2035084713","https://openalex.org/W2047560619","https://openalex.org/W2048564750","https://openalex.org/W2052896445","https://openalex.org/W2060169675","https://openalex.org/W2065273716","https://openalex.org/W2073255136","https://openalex.org/W2077590024","https://openalex.org/W2078101344","https://openalex.org/W2087870861","https://openalex.org/W2093762777","https://openalex.org/W2094833625","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2127238399","https://openalex.org/W2128279920","https://openalex.org/W2134109917","https://openalex.org/W2167788958","https://openalex.org/W2194689035","https://openalex.org/W2262836992","https://openalex.org/W2319021616","https://openalex.org/W2338186685","https://openalex.org/W2376533166","https://openalex.org/W2503833731","https://openalex.org/W2509738571","https://openalex.org/W2794336327","https://openalex.org/W2889722302","https://openalex.org/W2889955534","https://openalex.org/W2891068496","https://openalex.org/W3022337859","https://openalex.org/W3121235597","https://openalex.org/W3121793203","https://openalex.org/W3122366410","https://openalex.org/W3124643791","https://openalex.org/W3137100261","https://openalex.org/W3148829325","https://openalex.org/W3150480663","https://openalex.org/W4235265385","https://openalex.org/W4238721503","https://openalex.org/W4239936023","https://openalex.org/W4241464491","https://openalex.org/W4298237780","https://openalex.org/W6659093767","https://openalex.org/W6674122168","https://openalex.org/W6680026079"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7005932954","https://openalex.org/W7097555771","https://openalex.org/W1608143447","https://openalex.org/W7055106043","https://openalex.org/W7096891310","https://openalex.org/W2255856987","https://openalex.org/W4388063528","https://openalex.org/W2001768371","https://openalex.org/W7099135764","https://openalex.org/W3111758642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"our":[1],"purposes,":[2],"a":[3,11,46],"fully":[4,47],"funded":[5,48],"system":[6,49],"is":[7],"one":[8],"which":[9,42],"delivers":[10,53],"rate":[12],"of":[13,20,55,59],"return":[14,56],"greater":[15],"than":[16],"the":[17],"growth":[18],"1":[19],"labor":[21],"income":[22,26],"without":[23],"taxing":[24],"that":[25],"at":[27],"higher":[28,30],"and":[29],"rates.This":[31],"definition":[32],"rules":[33],"out,":[34],"for":[35],"example,":[36],"systems":[37],"like":[38],"Singapore's":[39],"\"Provident":[40],"fund\"":[41],"appears":[43],"to":[44,57],"be":[45],"but":[50],"in":[51],"fact":[52],"rates":[54],"contributors":[58],"no":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
