{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131362279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","title":"Floodplains and the Development of Complex Society: Comparative Perspectives from the West African Semi\u2010arid Tropics","display_name":"Floodplains and the Development of Complex Society: Comparative Perspectives from the West African Semi\u2010arid Tropics","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131362279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","mag":"2131362279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90435924","display_name":"Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","issn_l":"1551-823X","issn":["1551-823X","1551-8248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064539774","display_name":"Susan Keech McIntosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2082-7721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2082-7721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan Keech Mclntosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064539774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91011236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"151","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.3905999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13019","display_name":"African Studies and Geopolitics","score":0.3905999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.35519999265670776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13939","display_name":"Archaeology and Natural History","score":0.04650000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floodplain","display_name":"floodplain","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-societies","display_name":"complex societies","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-arid-tropics","display_name":"semi-arid tropics","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement-patterns","display_name":"settlement patterns","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchange","display_name":"exchange","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/territorial-organization","display_name":"territorial organization","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centralization","display_name":"centralization","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-complexity","display_name":"social complexity","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-africa","display_name":"West Africa","score":0.574999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155681218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193110","display_name":"Floodplain","level":2,"score":0.8750532269477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156005406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2787508","display_name":"Subsistence agriculture","level":3,"score":0.7527598142623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.7050395011901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.6931253671646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.534874439239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50660011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530","display_name":"Tropics","level":2,"score":0.5090672373771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.45809441804885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.4255504608154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.38333648443222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.2201440930366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.11751919984817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10003155469894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06820753216743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ap3a.1999.9.1.151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90435924","display_name":"Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","issn_l":"1551-823X","issn":["1551-823X","1551-8248"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542076925","https://openalex.org/W1957588973","https://openalex.org/W1990864869","https://openalex.org/W2016682655","https://openalex.org/W2024072191","https://openalex.org/W2046790190","https://openalex.org/W2079007612","https://openalex.org/W2090637607","https://openalex.org/W2103007609","https://openalex.org/W2145918026","https://openalex.org/W2312879965","https://openalex.org/W2506819786","https://openalex.org/W2802543549","https://openalex.org/W4238533595","https://openalex.org/W4243343580","https://openalex.org/W4250265747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804607066","https://openalex.org/W2221391775","https://openalex.org/W3198950492","https://openalex.org/W4392652958","https://openalex.org/W2092299030","https://openalex.org/W1990864869","https://openalex.org/W2312253102","https://openalex.org/W2759721810","https://openalex.org/W1966297615","https://openalex.org/W163114804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,67],"diverse":[1],"nature":[2,96,225],"of":[3,10,20,27,50,57,92,97,122,152,171,198,226,250,253,280,315],"iron\u2010using":[4],"societies":[5,125,155],"in":[6,24,60,74,84,88,103,117,131,156,186,259,285],"the":[7,16,25,28,33,38,55,89,104,118,146,157,161,169,206,212,217,220,243,260,277,282,293,313],"semi\u2010arid":[8],"tropics":[9],"West":[11],"Africa":[12],"is":[13,45],"illustrated":[14],"by":[15,47,114,136],"very":[17,61],"different":[18],"sequences":[19,284],"growth":[21,53,304],"and":[22,32,95,101,120,149,222,301,308,318],"change":[23],"floodplains":[26,128,289],"Middle":[29,68,213],"Senegal":[30,69,214],"Valley":[31,70],"Inland":[34,43,158],"Niger":[35,159],"Delta":[36,44],"during":[37],"first":[39,153,261],"millennium":[40,154,262],"A.D.":[41,177,229],"characterized":[46],"a":[48,202],"pattern":[49,164],"rapid":[51],"population":[52,173,299],"over":[54],"course":[56],"centuries\u2010long":[58],"occupation":[59,73],"large,":[62],"high\u2010density":[63],"settlement":[64,163,227],"mound":[65],"clusters.":[66],"has":[71],"low\u2010density":[72],"fairly":[75],"regularly":[76],"spaced":[77],"small":[78,221],"villages.":[79],"These":[80],"differences":[81,87],"are":[82,141],"due,":[83],"part,":[85],"to":[86,111,236,268,312],"size,":[90],"distribution":[91],"critical":[93],"resources,":[94],"subsistence":[98,138,254],"scheduling":[99],"conflicts":[100],"opportunities":[102],"two":[105,287],"floodplains.":[106],"Faced":[107],"with":[108],"similar":[109,133],"risks":[110],"agriculture":[112],"posed":[113],"chaotic":[115],"variation":[116],"timing":[119],"extent":[121],"annual":[123],"flooding,":[124],"on":[126,216,273],"both":[127],"have":[129,306],"responded":[130],"broadly":[132],"ways":[134,295],"historically":[135],"developing":[137],"specializations":[139],"that":[140,165,180,193,245,296],"integrated":[142],"through":[143,168],"exchange.":[144],"Despite":[145],"large":[147],"scale":[148],"considerable":[150],"integration":[151],"Delta,":[160],"clustered":[162],"persisted":[166],"even":[167,302],"period":[170],"maximum":[172],"density":[174],"at":[175,192],"around":[176,228],"1000":[178],"indicates":[179],"centralizing":[181],"pressures":[182],"did":[183],"not":[184,232],"succeed":[185],"producing":[187],"an":[188],"effective":[189],"administrative":[190],"hierarchy":[191],"time.":[194],"Rather,":[195],"various":[196,294],"models":[197],"heterarchical":[199],"organization":[200],"provide":[201],"better":[203],"\u201cfit\u201d":[204],"for":[205],"archaeological":[207,283],"data":[208],"currently":[209],"available.":[210],"In":[211],"Valley,":[215],"other":[218],"hand,":[219],"relatively":[223,310],"dispersed":[224],"900":[230],"should":[231],"immediately":[233],"be":[234],"assumed":[235],"indicate":[237],"simple,":[238],"autonomous,":[239],"village\u2010level":[240],"organization.":[241],"Here,":[242],"possibility":[244],"complex":[246],"territorial":[247],"units":[248],"composed":[249],"overlapping":[251],"territories":[252],"specialists":[255],"had":[256],"already":[257],"emerged":[258,307],"deserves":[263],"consideration.":[264],"As":[265],"archaeology":[266],"works":[267],"counterbalance":[269],"its":[270],"long\u2010standing":[271],"focus":[272],"vertical":[274],"hierarchies":[275],"as":[276],"primary":[278],"modality":[279],"complexity,":[281],"these":[286],"African":[288],"offer":[290],"insights":[291],"into":[292],"specialization,":[297],"trade,":[298],"heterogeneity,":[300],"urban":[303],"may":[305],"flourished":[309],"unconnected":[311],"development":[314],"social":[316],"stratification":[317],"centralized":[319],"power.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}