{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131138282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001913","title":"Depression in Gulf War veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","display_name":"Depression in Gulf War veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131138282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001913","mag":"2131138282","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25697603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033291714001913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71144982","display_name":"Psychological Medicine","issn_l":"0033-2917","issn":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038109773","display_name":"Jed D Blore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-8686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3649-8686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. D. Blore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L5, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L5, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023866485","display_name":"Malcolm Ross Sim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4739-2817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4739-2817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. R. Sim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L5, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L5, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035531287","display_name":"Andrew Benjamin Forbes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-914X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-914X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. B. Forbes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L6, The Alfred Centre, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L6, The Alfred Centre, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106824046","display_name":"Mark C. Creamer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9986-3591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9986-3591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. C. Creamer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023751040","display_name":"Helen Louise Kelsall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-3376","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-3376"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. L. Kelsall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L5, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, L5, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023751040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7408,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58939929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"8","first_page":"1565","last_page":"1580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10762","display_name":"Migration, Health and Trauma","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14136","display_name":"Education and Military Integration","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-war-veterans","display_name":"Gulf War veterans","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysthymia","display_name":"dysthymia","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"military personnel","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress-disorder","display_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans-mental-health","display_name":"veterans' mental health","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gulf-war","display_name":"Gulf War","score":0.5699999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7125381827354431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.7002264261245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.6335408687591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.6020618081092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994199513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37643","display_name":"Gulf war","level":2,"score":0.5187223553657532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47356855869293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780421500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290620","display_name":"Dysphoria","level":3,"score":0.45199328660964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4474678337574005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775969662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7923600","display_name":"Veterans Affairs","level":2,"score":0.4279515743255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3869093656539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.35957980155944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0958799421787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.0686739981174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014728","descriptor_name":"Veterans","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014728","descriptor_name":"Veterans","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D047830","descriptor_name":"Gulf War","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033291714001913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71144982","display_name":"Psychological Medicine","issn_l":"0033-2917","issn":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25697603","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25697603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484188711","https://openalex.org/W1556860677","https://openalex.org/W1976173847","https://openalex.org/W1985329916","https://openalex.org/W1998712172","https://openalex.org/W2004783193","https://openalex.org/W2018564635","https://openalex.org/W2030614052","https://openalex.org/W2062571809","https://openalex.org/W2063277639","https://openalex.org/W2070170874","https://openalex.org/W2072833030","https://openalex.org/W2085699664","https://openalex.org/W2098923148","https://openalex.org/W2108344016","https://openalex.org/W2109567256","https://openalex.org/W2110749361","https://openalex.org/W2111559362","https://openalex.org/W2114334028","https://openalex.org/W2114884647","https://openalex.org/W2119634122","https://openalex.org/W2124399375","https://openalex.org/W2125435699","https://openalex.org/W2134431612","https://openalex.org/W2146144848","https://openalex.org/W2156098321","https://openalex.org/W2165636581","https://openalex.org/W2169533152","https://openalex.org/W2227560902","https://openalex.org/W2248604067","https://openalex.org/W2315533298","https://openalex.org/W2431279018","https://openalex.org/W2472195961","https://openalex.org/W2891657467","https://openalex.org/W2912545771","https://openalex.org/W2984648219","https://openalex.org/W2991792334","https://openalex.org/W4294215472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240116738","https://openalex.org/W2037660577","https://openalex.org/W2150639516","https://openalex.org/W2111559362","https://openalex.org/W2028422677","https://openalex.org/W2018564635","https://openalex.org/W2166631198","https://openalex.org/W2516025890","https://openalex.org/W2097934364","https://openalex.org/W2793617786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Although":[1],"post-traumatic":[2],"stress":[3],"disorder":[4],"(PTSD)":[5],"has":[6,22],"been":[7,24],"a":[8,31,47],"focus":[9],"of":[10,20,36,50,74,102,142,177],"attention":[11],"in":[12,40,46,133,139,161,178],"1990/1991":[13],"Gulf":[14,41,94,162,180],"War":[15,42,95,163,181],"veterans,":[16],"the":[17,91,100],"excess":[18],"risk":[19,73,141],"depression":[21,39,45,104,154],"not":[23],"clearly":[25],"identified.":[26],"We":[27],"investigated":[28],"this":[29],"through":[30],"systematic":[32],"review":[33],"and":[34,58,72,85,114,136,144,155,165,172],"meta-analysis":[35],"studies":[37,89],"comparing":[38],"veterans":[43,96,164],"to":[44,65,77,125,137,174],"comparison":[48],"group":[49],"non-deployed":[51,126],"military":[52,127],"personnel.":[53,128],"METHOD:":[54],"Multiple":[55],"electronic":[56],"databases":[57],"grey":[59],"literature":[60],"were":[61,68,157],"searched":[62],"from":[63],"1990":[64],"2012.":[66],"Studies":[67],"assessed":[69],"for":[70,170],"eligibility":[71],"bias":[75,143],"according":[76],"established":[78],"criteria.":[79,93],"RESULTS:":[80],"Of":[81],"14":[82,88],"098":[83],"titles":[84],"abstracts":[86],"assessed,":[87],"met":[90],"inclusion":[92],"had":[97],"over":[98],"twice":[99,158],"odds":[101],"experiencing":[103],"[odds":[105],"ratio":[106],"(OR)":[107],"2.28,":[108],"95%":[109,121],"confidence":[110],"interval":[111],"(CI)":[112],"1.88-2.76]":[113],"dysthymia":[115,156],"or":[116],"chronic":[117],"dysphoria":[118],"(OR":[119],"2.39,":[120],"CI":[122],"2.0-2.86)":[123],"compared":[124],"This":[129],"finding":[130],"was":[131],"robust":[132],"sensitivity":[134],"analyses,":[135],"differences":[138],"overall":[140],"psychological":[145],"measures":[146],"used.":[147],"CONCLUSIONS:":[148],"Despite":[149],"divergent":[150],"methodologies":[151],"between":[152],"studies,":[153],"as":[159],"common":[160],"are":[166],"important":[167],"medical":[168],"conditions":[169],"clinicians":[171],"policymakers":[173],"be":[175],"aware":[176],"managing":[179],"veterans'":[182],"health.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}