{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129601264","doi":null,"title":"A Formalized Reference Grammar for UNL-Based Machine Translation between English and Arabic","display_name":"A Formalized Reference Grammar for UNL-Based Machine Translation between English and Arabic","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129601264","mag":"2129601264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2129601264","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://aclanthology.org/C12-2004/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419219","display_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"1525-2477","issn":["1525-2477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089945941","display_name":"Sameh Alansary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2950-9555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2950-9555"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sameh Alansary","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089945941"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19415949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"33","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-grammar","display_name":"reference grammar","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"machine translation","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-arabic-translation","display_name":"English-Arabic translation","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interlingua","display_name":"interlingua","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-corpora","display_name":"parallel corpus","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-quality-assessment","display_name":"translation quality assessment","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7853528261184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6995048522949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6609569191932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6469271183013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6228446960449219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.5003564357757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.46551963686943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.26487576961517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2129601264","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://aclanthology.org/C12-2004/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419219","display_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"1525-2477","issn":["1525-2477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540384411","https://openalex.org/W1551338604","https://openalex.org/W2007662413","https://openalex.org/W2183724188","https://openalex.org/W2250366630","https://openalex.org/W2320737899","https://openalex.org/W2340744030","https://openalex.org/W2550976616"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096701716","https://openalex.org/W7096098034","https://openalex.org/W7097885255","https://openalex.org/W7095200412","https://openalex.org/W1504765052","https://openalex.org/W2467281805","https://openalex.org/W2409537754","https://openalex.org/W1140506724","https://openalex.org/W7098870101","https://openalex.org/W4292183729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Universal":[1],"Networking":[2],"Language":[3],"(UNL)":[4],"is":[5],"an":[6,72],"artificial":[7],"language":[8,13],"that":[9],"can":[10],"replicate":[11],"human":[12],"functions":[14],"in":[15,17,42,49,56,74],"cyberspace":[16],"terms":[18],"of":[19,34,67,94,106,122,135,151],"hyper":[20],"semantic":[21],"networks":[22],".":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"aims":[26],"to:":[27],"a)":[28],"design":[29],"a":[30,47],"reference":[31,85,91],"grammar":[32],"capable":[33],"dealing":[35],"with":[36],"the":[37,64,68,84],"basic":[38],"linguistic":[39],"structu":[40],"res":[41],"order":[43],"to":[44,109,125],"act":[45],"as":[46,71,81,83],"test-bed":[48],"automating":[50],"translation":[51],"between":[52],"English":[53,78,108,137],"and":[54,76,79,104,114,120,129,133,143,149,158],"Arabic":[55,80,124,153],"both":[57],"direc":[58],"tions":[59],"through":[60],"UNL;":[61],"b)":[62],"evaluate":[63],"current":[65],"state":[66],"UNL":[69,110,126,139,155],"system":[70],"Interlingua":[73],"analyzing":[75,107,123],"generating":[77,136,152],"far":[82],"structures":[86,96],"are":[87,100,112,127,141,156],"conce":[88],"rned.":[89],"A":[90],"parallel":[92],"corpus":[93],"500":[95],"was":[97],"used.":[98],"Results":[99],"promising;":[101],"precis":[102],"ion":[103],"recall":[105,121,134,150],"(UNLization)":[111],"0.979":[113],"0.96":[115,130,144,159],"respectively,":[116],"w":[117],"hile":[118],"precision":[119,148],"0.98":[128],"respectively.":[131,160],"Precision":[132],"from":[138,154],"(NLization)":[140],"0.97":[142],"respectively":[145],",":[146],"while":[147],"0.989":[157]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
