{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129484112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","title":"Transforming Growth Factor in Cancer: Janus, the Two-Faced God","display_name":"Transforming Growth Factor in Cancer: Janus, the Two-Faced God","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129484112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","mag":"2129484112","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24511109","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3937845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jnci/djt441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-pdf/106/2/djt441/7679208/djt441.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98010888","display_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","issn_l":"0027-8874","issn":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-pdf/106/2/djt441/7679208/djt441.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Salomon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130649","display_name":"Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03v6m3209","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210130649","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140884","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Salomon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliation of author: Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliation of author: Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130649","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130649","https://openalex.org/I4210140884"],"apc_list":{"value":5436,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5436},"apc_paid":{"value":5436,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5436},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"106","issue":"2","first_page":"djt441","last_page":"djt441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11501","display_name":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in diseases","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11501","display_name":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in diseases","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10966","display_name":"Liver physiology and pathology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12620","display_name":"Signaling Pathways in Disease","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transforming-growth-factor-beta","display_name":"TGF-beta","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tgf-beta-superfamily","display_name":"TGF-beta superfamily","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"cancer","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smad-signaling","display_name":"Smad signaling","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smad4","display_name":"SMAD4","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smad2-3","display_name":"Smad2/3","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smad1-5-8","display_name":"Smad1/5/8","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smad-independent-signaling","display_name":"Smad-independent signaling","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receptor-heterodimerization","display_name":"receptor heterodimerization","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-receptors","display_name":"co-receptors","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-progression","display_name":"tumor progression","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metastasis","display_name":"metastasis","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocrine-paracrine-signaling","display_name":"autocrine and paracrine signaling","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proprotein-convertases","display_name":"proprotein convertases","score":0.6269999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5962488055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781080636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q700000","display_name":"SMAD","level":3,"score":0.5654306411743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.5609181523323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128240485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786998","display_name":"Autocrine signalling","level":3,"score":0.5558997988700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6061869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18250377","display_name":"Endoglin","level":4,"score":0.5239979028701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.4676510691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118131993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423671","display_name":"Transforming growth factor","level":2,"score":0.45947331190109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.4537343382835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7876069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14873666","display_name":"Paracrine signalling","level":3,"score":0.4418148398399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154390347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14914522","display_name":"Janus kinase 1","level":4,"score":0.4378803074359894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778229498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24785672","display_name":"Transforming growth factor beta","level":3,"score":0.42179951071739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.3373689651489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.28609699010849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112392421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903451","display_name":"Janus kinase","level":3,"score":0.24764594435691833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28328180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10205521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4035578","display_name":"CD34","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015398","descriptor_name":"Signal Transduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016212","descriptor_name":"Transforming Growth Factor beta","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jnci/djt441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-pdf/106/2/djt441/7679208/djt441.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98010888","display_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","issn_l":"0027-8874","issn":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3937845","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3937845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Cancer Inst","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:24511109","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24511109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"Editorial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.867.7989","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.867.7989","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/106/2/djt441.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jnci/djt441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djt441","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-pdf/106/2/djt441/7679208/djt441.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98010888","display_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","issn_l":"0027-8874","issn":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2129484112.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2129484112.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582760249","https://openalex.org/W1760215417","https://openalex.org/W1976454147","https://openalex.org/W1978019219","https://openalex.org/W1984162437","https://openalex.org/W2035069722","https://openalex.org/W2036537461","https://openalex.org/W2051190668","https://openalex.org/W2075497099","https://openalex.org/W2099361912","https://openalex.org/W2101620445","https://openalex.org/W2112195516","https://openalex.org/W2114363335","https://openalex.org/W2116058997","https://openalex.org/W2146579454","https://openalex.org/W2164358503","https://openalex.org/W4255564469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100307915","https://openalex.org/W4231613765","https://openalex.org/W2078985610","https://openalex.org/W2277818214","https://openalex.org/W2069360248","https://openalex.org/W1926347482","https://openalex.org/W71171690","https://openalex.org/W1487086110","https://openalex.org/W809260061","https://openalex.org/W4245712511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Growth":[0],"factors":[1,86,291],"and":[2,11,54,82,84,102,117,137,163,166,193,202,224,235,260,265,278,289,292,366,377,405,461,472,524,532,543,561,598,638,642,648,657,678,688,711,723,737,761,784,859,867],"cytokines":[3],"perform":[4],"an":[5,874],"important":[6,583,756],"role":[7,612,731],"in":[8,66,312,347,431,585,613,713,734,749,758,769,808,838,846,873],"the":[9,157,205,233,250,254,341,358,361,371,386,432,435,442,450,522,529,550,564,621,670,679,682,686,714,721,753,759,770,793,809,834,865],"etiology":[10],"progression":[12,652],"of":[13,16,19,44,70,134,144,152,156,169,171,204,249,360,389,434,452,487,502,549,557,567,588,624,672,681,690,716,732,752,763,772,786,797,811,836,870],"a":[14,109,316,348,481,586,608,630,707,842],"number":[15,587],"different":[17,42,173,547,764,782,825],"types":[18,43,783],"cancer":[20,614,691,735,812],"(":[21,87,179,242,327,576,615,695,726,746,831],"1":[22,175,208,252,256,471],",":[23,181,244,329,578,617,697],"2":[24,159,272,363,417,474],").":[25,89,183,246,331,580,619,699,728],"These":[26,307,659],"peptides":[27],"can":[28,49,227,261,299,337,407,420,428,535,544,646],"function":[29],"either":[30,230,486],"as":[31,34,325,458,500,517,629,706,740,818],"cis/autocrine":[32],"or":[33,273,281,285,350,364,370,375,447,513,572,610],"trans/paracrine":[35],"effectors":[36],"for":[37,41,197,275,287,864],"tumor":[38,51,541,632,651,703,722,738,856],"cells":[39,47,571],"and/or":[40,232],"surrounding":[45,574],"host":[46],"that":[48,74,104,118,226,320,392,792],"influence":[50],"initiation,":[52],"progression,":[53,542],"metastasis.":[55,658],"The":[56,297,332,729,788],"transforming":[57],"growth":[58,83,288],"factor":[59],"\u03b2":[60],"(TGF-\u03b2)":[61],"superfamily,":[62],"which":[63,427],"is":[64],"found":[65],"all":[67,142],"metazoans,":[68],"consists":[69],"30":[71],"distinct":[72,154,268],"ligands":[73,231],"include":[75],"TGF-\u03b2s,":[76],"activins,":[77],"Nodal,":[78],"bone":[79,293],"morphogenetic":[80,294],"proteins,":[81],"differentiation":[85,290],"3":[88,180,274,365],"In":[90,600],"mammals":[91],"there":[92,214],"are":[93,105,195,215,582,776,827,853],"three":[94],"different,":[95],"highly":[96],"homologous":[97],"TGF-\u03b2":[98,537,551,664,733,765,814,837,851,871],"isoforms,":[99],"TGF-\u03b21,":[100],"TGF-\u03b22,":[101],"TGF-\u03b23,":[103],"initially":[106],"synthesized":[107],"from":[108],"large":[110],"inactive/latent":[111],"precursor":[112],"bound":[113],"to":[114,120,127,150,201,229,264,340,381,465,553,562,606,662,669,720,779,799],"other":[115,399,800],"proteins":[116,217,270,323],"need":[119],"be":[121,421,478,667,805],"proteolytically":[122],"processed":[123],"by":[124,141,357,423,440,634,639,653,676,742],"proprotein":[125],"convertases":[126],"produce":[128],"biologically":[129],"active":[130],"dimeric":[131],"ligands.":[132],"Activation":[133],"canonical":[135,436],"(Smad-dependent)":[136],"noncanonical":[138,495],"(Smad-independent)":[139],"pathways":[140,439,491,498,527,534,803,826],"members":[143,155,548],"this":[145,240,750],"superfamily":[146,552],"requires":[147,321],"ligand":[148,199],"binding":[149,200,359,396],"one":[151,170],"five":[153],"type":[158,174,206,251,255,415,470,473],"serine/threonine":[160,167,176],"kinase":[161,177],"receptors":[162,178,234],"subsequent":[164],"heterodimerization":[165],"transphosphorylation":[168],"seven":[172],"4":[182,335,368,379],"For":[184],"some":[185],"ligands,":[186],"additional":[187],"coreceptors":[188],"(eg,":[189,218],"Cripto-1/Cryptic,":[190],"endoglin,":[191],"betaglycan,":[192],"Dragon)":[194],"needed":[196],"optimal":[198],"activation":[203,451,501],"2\u2013-type":[207],"receptor":[209,211,257,418,466,475],"heterodimeric":[210],"complex.":[212],"Reciprocally,":[213],"inhibitory":[216,443,718],"Lefty,":[219],"CD-109,":[220],"BAMBI,":[221],"COCO,":[222],"Chordin,":[223],"Cerberus)":[225],"bind":[228,263],"effectively":[236],"antagonize":[237],"signaling":[238,280,438,497,526,665,802],"through":[239,315,480,485],"pathway":[241,319,766,815],"5":[243],"6":[245,446],"After":[247],"phosphorylation":[248],"receptor,":[253],"becomes":[258],"activated":[259,414,469],"then":[262,300,338,429],"phosphorylate":[266],"several":[267],"R-SMAD":[269],"(Smads":[271],"TGF-\u03b2,":[276],"Activin,":[277],"Nodal":[279],"Smads":[282],"1,":[283,373],"5,":[284,374],"8":[286,330,376],"protein":[295],"signaling).":[296],"R-Smads":[298],"form":[301],"heteromeric":[302],"complexes":[303,336,369,380,419,476],"with":[304,528,546,685,813,855],"Smad":[305,362,367,372,378,395,445,448],"4.":[306],"later":[308],"events":[309],"probably":[310],"occur":[311],"early":[313,558,622,839],"endosomes":[314],"clathrin-dependent":[317],"internalization":[318],"accessory":[322],"such":[324,402,457,499,516],"SARA":[326],"7":[328],"activated/phosphorylated":[333],"R-Smad/Smad":[334],"translocate":[339],"nucleus":[342],"where":[343],"they":[344],"directly":[345],"regulate":[346,554],"positive":[349],"negative":[351],"fashion":[352],"gene":[353,411],"transcription.":[354,412],"This":[355,862],"occurs":[356],"site-specific":[382],"recognition":[383],"sequences":[384],"within":[385],"promoter":[387],"regions":[388],"target":[390],"genes":[391],"contain":[393],"specific":[394],"elements.":[397],"Various":[398],"DNA-binding":[400],"cofactors":[401],"p300,":[403],"CBP,":[404],"FOXH1":[406],"synergistically":[408],"amplify":[409,536],"Smad-dependent":[410,437,523],"Alternatively,":[413,468],"1\u2013type":[416],"internalized":[422],"cholesterol-enriched":[424],"lipid":[425],"rafts/caveolae,":[426],"result":[430],"dampening":[433],"facilitating":[441,654],"Smads,":[444],"7,in":[449],"proteosome":[453],"E3":[454],"ubiquitin":[455],"ligases":[456],"Smurfs":[459],"(1":[460],"2),":[462],"thereby":[463],"leading":[464],"degradation.":[467],"may":[477,492,666,804],"degraded":[479],"caveolin/lysosomal":[482],"pathway.":[483],"Internalization":[484],"these":[488,774,824],"two":[489],"raft-dependent":[490],"simultaneously":[493],"engage":[494],"Smad-independent":[496,525],"c-src,":[503],"ras,":[504],"PI3K/Akt,":[505],"p44":[506],"ERK,":[507],"TRAF6,":[508],"TAK1,":[509],"p38":[510],"MAPK,":[511],"JNK,":[512],"small":[514],"GTPases":[515],"RhoA.":[518],"Finally,":[519],"interaction":[520],"between":[521,823],"Wnt/\u03b2-catenin,":[530],"Notch,":[531],"Hedgehog":[533],"signaling,":[538],"especially":[539,768,817],"during":[540],"interact":[545],"various":[555],"phases":[556],"embryonic":[559],"development":[560,736],"control":[563],"normal":[565],"maintenance":[566,689],"adult":[568],"tissue":[569],"stem":[570,692],"their":[573],"niche":[575],"9":[577],"10":[579],"TGF-\u03b2s":[581],"regulators":[584],"pathophysiological":[589],"conditions,":[590],"including":[591],"wound":[592],"healing,":[593],"fibrosis,":[594],"inflammation,":[595],"immune":[596,709,717],"suppression,":[597],"cancer.":[599,787],"particular,":[601],"TGF-\u03b21":[602,627,645,677,701],"has":[603,755,841],"been":[604],"shown":[605],"have":[607],"paradoxical":[609],"Jekyll-and-Hyde":[611],"11":[616],"12":[618],"During":[620],"stages":[623,785],"carcinoma":[625],"development,":[626],"functions":[628,705],"potent":[631,708],"suppressor":[633],"inhibiting":[635],"cell":[636,655,693],"proliferation":[637],"promoting":[640],"apoptosis":[641],"autophagy.":[643],"Later,":[644],"flip":[647],"actually":[649],"promote":[650],"invasion":[656],"latter":[660],"responses":[661],"elevated":[663,850],"due":[668],"enhancement":[671],"epithelial":[673],"mesenchymal":[674,683],"transition":[675],"association":[680],"state":[684],"expansion":[687],"populations":[694],"13":[696],"14":[698],"Likewise,":[700],"promotes":[702],"angiogenesis,":[704],"suppressor,":[710],"assists":[712],"recruitment":[715],"components":[719],"metastatic":[724,860],"microenvironments":[725],"15":[727],"mechanistic":[730],"promotion":[739],"highlighted":[741],"Principe":[743],"et":[744],"al.":[745],"16":[747,832],")":[748],"issue":[751],"Journal":[754],"implications":[757],"design":[760],"use":[762,796,869],"inhibitors,":[767,816],"context":[771],"when":[773],"inhibitors":[775,798,872],"chronologically":[777],"used":[778],"therapeutically":[780],"treat":[781],"authors":[789],"correctly":[790],"note":[791],"possible":[794],"combinatorial":[795],"oncogenic":[801,875],"particularly":[806],"efficacious":[807],"treatment":[810],"common":[819],"intracellular/effector":[820],"nexus":[821],"points":[822],"deciphered.":[828],"As":[829],"noted":[830],"),":[833],"expression":[835],"cancers":[840],"favorable":[843],"prognosis,":[844],"whereas":[845],"more":[847],"advanced":[848],"tumors":[849],"levels":[852],"associated":[854],"size,":[857],"aggressiveness,":[858],"spread.":[861],"advocates":[863],"judicious":[866],"individualized":[868],"setting.":[876]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}