{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129339354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","title":"Is Temporal Spacing of Tests Helpful Even When It Inflates Error Rates?","display_name":"Is Temporal Spacing of Tests Helpful Even When It Inflates Error Rates?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129339354","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","mag":"2129339354","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14622045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008952472","display_name":"Harold Pashler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-4909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-4909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harold Pashler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. hpashler@ucsd.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. hpashler@ucsd.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113278422","display_name":"Gregory J. Zarow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Zarow","raw_affiliation_strings":["EmpiricalMethods, San Diego, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EmpiricalMethods, San Diego, CA, US","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Baylor Triplett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baylor Triplett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":132,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71974988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"1051","last_page":"1057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacing-effect","display_name":"spacing effect","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-rate","display_name":"error rate","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrective-feedback","display_name":"corrective feedback","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-learning","display_name":"associative learning","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-learning","display_name":"word learning","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retention","display_name":"retention","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-instruction","display_name":"computer-assisted instruction","score":0.875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.8107507228851318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6755785942077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6604949235916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49386197328567505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75778745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342626","display_name":"Lag","level":2,"score":0.45385676622390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37559017539024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.36098939180374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3245112895965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19728794693946838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10463786125183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1002415120601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07877162098884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.06992721557617188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005246","descriptor_name":"Feedback","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010153","descriptor_name":"Paired-Associate Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011214","descriptor_name":"Practice, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012153","descriptor_name":"Retention, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019303","descriptor_name":"Multilingualism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18666220","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition","issn_l":"0278-7393","issn":["0278-7393","1939-1285"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14622045","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14622045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.642.2162","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.642.2162","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.pashler.com/Articles/Pashler_Zarow_Triplett03.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4972594554","display_name":"RETRIEVAL PRACTICE IN LEARNING AND MEMORY","funder_award_id":"R01MH061549","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7528168515","display_name":"Perceptual &Cognitive Components of Attention","funder_award_id":"R01MH045584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37780901","https://openalex.org/W277249546","https://openalex.org/W1495715285","https://openalex.org/W1587995223","https://openalex.org/W1707104629","https://openalex.org/W1966325275","https://openalex.org/W1974563867","https://openalex.org/W1981141387","https://openalex.org/W1981409801","https://openalex.org/W1990232029","https://openalex.org/W2006223640","https://openalex.org/W2025415017","https://openalex.org/W2026963222","https://openalex.org/W2026978069","https://openalex.org/W2032885582","https://openalex.org/W2041405793","https://openalex.org/W2060543558","https://openalex.org/W2063841934","https://openalex.org/W2067727312","https://openalex.org/W2077251296","https://openalex.org/W2078713106","https://openalex.org/W2080326520","https://openalex.org/W2093777848","https://openalex.org/W2132404624","https://openalex.org/W2134907585","https://openalex.org/W2146518935","https://openalex.org/W2321624295","https://openalex.org/W2325352378","https://openalex.org/W2502894192","https://openalex.org/W2753136912","https://openalex.org/W3144801188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081205737","https://openalex.org/W1973468865","https://openalex.org/W2889063658","https://openalex.org/W105383681","https://openalex.org/W2549520420","https://openalex.org/W4236743612","https://openalex.org/W7098829385","https://openalex.org/W4210811259","https://openalex.org/W1984361927","https://openalex.org/W1637542696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"occurrence":[1],"of":[2,18,93,99,106],"errors":[3,88],"is":[4],"often":[5],"thought":[6],"to":[7],"impede":[8],"associative":[9],"learning.":[10],"This":[11,80],"was":[12],"tested":[13],"in":[14,65],"2":[15,21,40],"studies,":[16],"each":[17],"which":[19],"involved":[20],"sessions.":[22],"In":[23],"Session":[24],"1,":[25],"subjects":[26],"learned":[27],"foreign":[28],"vocabulary":[29],"(Experiment":[30,36,72,78],"1)":[31,73],"or":[32,74],"obscure":[33],"English":[34],"words":[35],"2)":[37],"and":[38,113],"received":[39],"tests":[41],"(each":[42],"with":[43],"corrective":[44],"feedback)":[45],"separated":[46],"by":[47],"a":[48,66],"variable":[49],"lag.":[50],"Greater":[51],"lags":[52],"drastically":[53],"reduced":[54],"performance":[55,64],"on":[56,89],"the":[57,90,97],"2nd":[58],"test.":[59],"However,":[60],"they":[61],"dramatically":[62],"improved":[63],"Session-2":[67],"test":[68,92],"given":[69],"1":[70,75],"day":[71],"week":[76],"later":[77],"2).":[79],"pattern":[81],"held":[82],"even":[83],"for":[84,116],"items":[85],"that":[86],"elicited":[87],"1st":[91],"Day":[94],"1.":[95],"Evidently,":[96],"benefit":[98],"spacing":[100],"overwhelms":[101],"any":[102],"possible":[103],"harmful":[104],"effect":[105],"producing":[107],"errors.":[108],"results":[110],"have":[111],"clear":[112],"nonobvious":[114],"implications":[115],"computer-aided":[117],"instruction.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}