{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129172802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","title":"Detection of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in cases of diarrhoea in the community","display_name":"Detection of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in cases of diarrhoea in the community","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129172802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","mag":"2129172802","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12909650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154078021","display_name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology","issn_l":"0022-2615","issn":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320497","host_organization_name":"Microbiology Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Microbiology Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"L. J. Forward","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154524","display_name":"Health Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/022pm7h15","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827","https://openalex.org/I4387154524"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. J. Forward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Protection Agency, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Leeds Laboratory, Bridle Path, Leeds LS15 7TR, UK 2Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Protection Agency, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Leeds Laboratory, Bridle Path, Leeds LS15 7TR, UK 2Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023257979","display_name":"D S Tompkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8994-7713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8994-7713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154524","display_name":"Health Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/022pm7h15","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827","https://openalex.org/I4387154524"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. S. Tompkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Protection Agency, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Leeds Laboratory, Bridle Path, Leeds LS15 7TR, UK 2Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Protection Agency, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Leeds Laboratory, Bridle Path, Leeds LS15 7TR, UK 2Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154524"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111815748","display_name":"Moira M. Brett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154524","display_name":"Health Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/022pm7h15","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311074006","https://openalex.org/I348769827","https://openalex.org/I4387154524"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. M. Brett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Protection Agency, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Leeds Laboratory, Bridle Path, Leeds LS15 7TR, UK 2Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Protection Agency, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Leeds Laboratory, Bridle Path, Leeds LS15 7TR, UK 2Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154524"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154524"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3762,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82560124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"9","first_page":"753","last_page":"757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10486","display_name":"Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-perfringens-enterotoxin","display_name":"Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diarrhea","display_name":"diarrhea","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-immunoassay","display_name":"enzyme immunoassay","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assay-sensitivity-and-specificity","display_name":"assay sensitivity and specificity","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-therapy","display_name":"antibiotic therapy","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak-investigation","display_name":"outbreak investigation","score":0.7120000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66999527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421978","display_name":"Enterotoxin","level":4,"score":0.9591653347015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779116991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309465","display_name":"Clostridium perfringens","level":3,"score":0.9441697597503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.7750991582870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27031090","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","level":3,"score":0.6834151148796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89138240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3066564","display_name":"Vero cell","level":3,"score":0.6598843336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780420688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759183","display_name":"Immunoassay","level":3,"score":0.5868900418281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776607351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592153","display_name":"Clostridiaceae","level":3,"score":0.5828354358673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651","display_name":"Toxin","level":2,"score":0.5351157188415527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776021129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244150","display_name":"Ampicillin","level":3,"score":0.5043607950210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779802037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40878","display_name":"Diarrhea","level":2,"score":0.48277178406715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781092032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327663","display_name":"Clostridium","level":3,"score":0.47756296396255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.4191061854362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.40274763107299805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3826146721839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3167514204978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.2795403003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.21569114923477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.17947885394096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.126115083694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.10876047611236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.06949609518051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.06472799181938171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002522","descriptor_name":"Chlorocebus aethiops","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003015","descriptor_name":"Clostridium Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003015","descriptor_name":"Clostridium Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003016","descriptor_name":"Clostridium perfringens","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003967","descriptor_name":"Diarrhea","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003967","descriptor_name":"Diarrhea","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004768","descriptor_name":"Enterotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005243","descriptor_name":"Feces","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007124","descriptor_name":"Immunoenzyme Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014709","descriptor_name":"Vero Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017677","descriptor_name":"Age Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05119-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154078021","display_name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology","issn_l":"0022-2615","issn":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320497","host_organization_name":"Microbiology Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Microbiology Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12909650","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12909650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical microbiology","raw_type":"Evaluation Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132617802","https://openalex.org/W1973321433","https://openalex.org/W1979327794","https://openalex.org/W1984826767","https://openalex.org/W2008853677","https://openalex.org/W2012971498","https://openalex.org/W2015698446","https://openalex.org/W2049967896","https://openalex.org/W2054078306","https://openalex.org/W2070967242","https://openalex.org/W2081643971","https://openalex.org/W2086729388","https://openalex.org/W2089440039","https://openalex.org/W2092266741","https://openalex.org/W2115398350","https://openalex.org/W2117877004","https://openalex.org/W2126927211","https://openalex.org/W2129038646","https://openalex.org/W2135959117","https://openalex.org/W2153402368","https://openalex.org/W2158106947","https://openalex.org/W2164884322","https://openalex.org/W2167327415","https://openalex.org/W2314714794","https://openalex.org/W2326114029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089440039","https://openalex.org/W2164884322","https://openalex.org/W2118046069","https://openalex.org/W2027308473","https://openalex.org/W2276352083","https://openalex.org/W2116543231","https://openalex.org/W1233656158","https://openalex.org/W2470455721","https://openalex.org/W2427444876","https://openalex.org/W1984826767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Faecal":[0],"specimens":[1,30,139],"from":[2,31,140],"843":[3],"cases":[4,35],"of":[5,15,34,51,78,99,101,143,159],"diarrhoea":[6],"in":[7,28,64,106,137],"the":[8,13,76,114,123,134,152],"community":[9],"were":[10,55,73],"tested":[11],"for":[12,75,169,195],"presence":[14],"Clostridium":[16,20],"difficile":[17,24,53],"cytotoxin":[18,25,54],"and":[19,62,92,117,165],"perfringens":[21,80,104,128,186],"enterotoxin.":[22],"C.":[23,52,79,103,127,185],"was":[26,108,130,148,163,180],"detected":[27,131],"faecal":[29,138],"0.6":[32],"%":[33,142,158],"aged":[36],"at":[37],"least":[38],"2":[39],"years":[40,61,179],"by":[41,113,122,132,172],"using":[42,133],"a":[43,65,82,86,181],"Vero":[44,83,124],"cell":[45,84,125],"assay.":[46,126],"Factors":[47],"associated":[48,183],"with":[49,67,184],"detection":[50,77,100],"antibiotic":[56],"therapy,":[57],"age":[58,190],"over":[59,177],"60":[60,178],"living":[63],"home":[66],"other":[68],"elderly":[69],"people.":[70],"Three":[71],"methods":[72],"used":[74,168],"enterotoxin:":[81],"assay,":[85],"commercial":[87,146],"(TechLab)":[88],"enzyme":[89],"immunoassay":[90],"(EIA)":[91],"an":[93],"in-house":[94,153],"EIA.":[95],"The":[96],"lower":[97],"level":[98],"pure":[102],"enterotoxin":[105,129,187],"buffer":[107],"0.01":[109],"micro":[110,119],"g":[111,120],"ml(-1)":[112,121],"TechLab":[115,135],"EIA":[116,136,147],"1.0":[118],"2.5":[141],"cases.":[144],"This":[145],"less":[149],"sensitive":[150],"than":[151],"EIA,":[154],"detecting":[155],"only":[156],"31":[157],"positive":[160],"cases,":[161],"but":[162],"specific":[164],"could":[166],"be":[167,193],"outbreak":[170],"investigation":[171],"routine":[173],"diagnostic":[174],"laboratories.":[175],"Age":[176],"factor":[182],"detection;":[188],"this":[189],"group":[191],"may":[192],"targeted":[194],"testing.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}