{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128426484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019026","title":"Influence of age on practice effects in longitudinal neurocognitive change.","display_name":"Influence of age on practice effects in longitudinal neurocognitive change.","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128426484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019026","mag":"2128426484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20804244","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2933088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/a0019026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97426521","display_name":"Neuropsychology","issn_l":"0894-4105","issn":["0894-4105","1931-1559"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuropsychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2933088","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020397995","display_name":"Timothy A. Salthouse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timothy A. Salthouse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, 102 Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. salthouse@virginia.edu","Department of Psychology, 102 Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, 102 Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. salthouse@virginia.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, 102 Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020397995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":251,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9870898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"563","last_page":"572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11265","display_name":"Aging and Gerontology Research","score":0.060100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-effects","display_name":"practice effects","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-cognitive-decline","display_name":"age-related cognitive decline","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-attrition","display_name":"selective attrition","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-aging","display_name":"cognitive aging","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning","display_name":"reasoning","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-visualization","display_name":"spatial visualization","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/episodic-memory","display_name":"episodic memory","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptual-speed","display_name":"perceptual speed","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"vocabulary","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172467417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1670397","display_name":"Neurocognitive","level":3,"score":0.8940279483795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.725643515586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6758055686950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.48118120431900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780553607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684868","display_name":"Attrition","level":2,"score":0.4599205255508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.43767282366752625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018928998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899058","display_name":"Practice effect","level":2,"score":0.43063411116600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4225011467933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.40965041518211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3296586871147156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.32114869356155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16916167736053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.12343552708625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011214","descriptor_name":"Practice, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011939","descriptor_name":"Mental Recall","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/a0019026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97426521","display_name":"Neuropsychology","issn_l":"0894-4105","issn":["0894-4105","1931-1559"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuropsychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20804244","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20804244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neuropsychology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2167744","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2933088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2933088","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2933088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neuropsychology","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.602.9378","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.602.9378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/neu-24-5-563.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2167744","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2933088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5699902637","display_name":"Short-term cognitive change in adults from 18 to 80","funder_award_id":"R37AG024270","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W576664728","https://openalex.org/W628831075","https://openalex.org/W1502363574","https://openalex.org/W1537656963","https://openalex.org/W1787378816","https://openalex.org/W1965653222","https://openalex.org/W1969222381","https://openalex.org/W1974333221","https://openalex.org/W1976253288","https://openalex.org/W1976606440","https://openalex.org/W1977988147","https://openalex.org/W1981788746","https://openalex.org/W1987879033","https://openalex.org/W2004511312","https://openalex.org/W2005230573","https://openalex.org/W2010048734","https://openalex.org/W2018098218","https://openalex.org/W2021305916","https://openalex.org/W2023339765","https://openalex.org/W2025616064","https://openalex.org/W2025642774","https://openalex.org/W2028050242","https://openalex.org/W2032831023","https://openalex.org/W2037732828","https://openalex.org/W2044437929","https://openalex.org/W2044795614","https://openalex.org/W2045892248","https://openalex.org/W2057296563","https://openalex.org/W2060614116","https://openalex.org/W2063687670","https://openalex.org/W2067919562","https://openalex.org/W2067963550","https://openalex.org/W2075402786","https://openalex.org/W2079588284","https://openalex.org/W2084177652","https://openalex.org/W2084881020","https://openalex.org/W2095790783","https://openalex.org/W2098300013","https://openalex.org/W2103069600","https://openalex.org/W2113176889","https://openalex.org/W2136239752","https://openalex.org/W2137323036","https://openalex.org/W2140680574","https://openalex.org/W2158069208","https://openalex.org/W2161379411","https://openalex.org/W2317086985","https://openalex.org/W2400032258","https://openalex.org/W2905732876","https://openalex.org/W4300482063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969222381","https://openalex.org/W4309461903","https://openalex.org/W7221505970","https://openalex.org/W4366523725","https://openalex.org/W3186560298","https://openalex.org/W2095881584","https://openalex.org/W7139354320","https://openalex.org/W2068605110","https://openalex.org/W1980533112","https://openalex.org/W2044437929"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Longitudinal":[1,67],"comparisons":[2,62,110],"of":[3,20,49,57,73,93,103,111,114,116,133,151,170,202,231],"neurocognitive":[4,164,212,232],"functioning":[5,213,233],"often":[6],"reveal":[7],"stability":[8],"or":[9,125],"age-related":[10],"increases":[11],"in":[12,32,39,60,90,161,211,239],"performance":[13,113],"among":[14],"adults":[15,95],"under":[16],"about":[17],"60":[18],"years":[19,75,102],"age.":[21,104,171],"Because":[22],"nearly":[23],"monotonic":[24],"declines":[25],"with":[26,141,147],"increasing":[27],"age":[28,42,119,138,209],"are":[29],"typically":[30],"evident":[31],"cross-sectional":[33,206],"comparisons,":[34],"there":[35],"is":[36,214],"a":[37,91,168],"discrepancy":[38,204],"the":[40,46,55,64,112,117,123,131,152,177,203,221,228],"inferred":[41],"trends":[43,210],"based":[44],"on":[45,63,78],"two":[47],"types":[48],"comparisons.":[50],"The":[51],"current":[52],"research":[53],"investigated":[54],"role":[56],"practice":[58,154,175,217],"effects":[59,106,155,176,218],"longitudinal":[61,145,178,208,222],"discrepancy.":[65],"METHOD:":[66],"data":[68],"over":[69,100],"an":[70],"average":[71],"interval":[72],"2.5":[74],"were":[76,107,156,180],"available":[77],"five":[79],"abilities":[80,165],"(i.e.,":[81],"reasoning,":[82],"spatial":[83],"visualization,":[84],"episodic":[85],"memory,":[86],"perceptual":[87],"speed,":[88],"vocabulary)":[89],"sample":[92],"1,616":[94],"ranging":[96],"from":[97,109],"18":[98],"to":[99,216],"80":[101],"Practice":[105],"estimated":[108,153],"people":[115],"same":[118],"tested":[120],"for":[121,130,174],"either":[122],"first":[124],"second":[126],"time,":[127],"after":[128],"adjusting":[129,173],"possibility":[132],"selective":[134],"attrition.":[135],"RESULTS:":[136],"Increased":[137],"was":[139,195],"associated":[140],"significantly":[142],"more":[143],"negative":[144,189],"changes":[146,179],"each":[148],"ability.":[149],"All":[150],"positive,":[157],"but":[158,199],"they":[159],"varied":[160],"magnitude":[162],"across":[163,236],"and":[166,186,207],"as":[167],"function":[169],"After":[172],"less":[181,188],"positive":[182],"at":[183,190],"younger":[184],"ages":[185],"slightly":[187],"older":[191],"ages.":[192],"CONCLUSIONS:":[193],"It":[194],"concluded":[196],"that":[197,227],"some,":[198],"not":[200],"all,":[201],"between":[205],"attributable":[215],"positively":[219],"biasing":[220],"trends.":[223],"These":[224],"results":[225],"suggest":[226],"neurobiological":[229],"substrates":[230],"may":[234],"change":[235],"different":[237],"periods":[238],"adulthood.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
