{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128216615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","title":"Addressing the social determinants of health through health system strengthening and inter-sectoral convergence: the case of the Indian National Rural Health Mission","display_name":"Addressing the social determinants of health through health system strengthening and inter-sectoral convergence: the case of the Indian National Rural Health Mission","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128216615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","mag":"2128216615","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23458089","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3586666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105066276","display_name":"Global Health Action","issn_l":"1654-9716","issn":["1654-9716","1654-9880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102776855","display_name":"Amit Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-289X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-289X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799351866","display_name":"Government of India","ror":"https://ror.org/036h6g940","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148677","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/04pqetg36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Mohan Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi, India","Oil India Limited , New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oil India Limited , New Delhi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gautam Chakraborty","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141845","display_name":"Population Foundation of India","ror":"https://ror.org/04yxm6j91","country_code":"IN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141845"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program, Population Foundation of India (PFI) , New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health of the Urban Poor (HUP) Program, Population Foundation of India (PFI) , New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024205336","display_name":"Sajjan Singh Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-1300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-1300"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799351866","display_name":"Government of India","ror":"https://ror.org/036h6g940","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148677","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/04pqetg36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjan Singh Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["East Delhi Municipal Corporation, Government of Delhi , New Delhi, India","National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Delhi Municipal Corporation, Government of Delhi , New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011108252","display_name":"Salima Bhatia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799351866","display_name":"Government of India","ror":"https://ror.org/036h6g940","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148677","display_name":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","ror":"https://ror.org/04pqetg36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salima Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consultant, Policy and Planning, National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consultant, Policy and Planning, National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011108252"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210148677"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1509},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1509},"fwci":4.0731,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93994616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"20135","last_page":"20135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.3334999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.3334999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.27469998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10209","display_name":"Global Maternal and Child Health","score":0.1809999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-rural-health-mission","display_name":"National Rural Health Mission","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-systems-strengthening","display_name":"health system strengthening","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-health-disparities","display_name":"rural health disparities","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-mortality","display_name":"infant mortality","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-mortality","display_name":"maternal mortality","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrition","display_name":"nutrition","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"decentralization","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.7620000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78491826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045352","display_name":"Social determinants of health","level":3,"score":0.6924117207527161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5468094944953918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.5240079164505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.4881969094276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4577478766441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37768906354904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3588358759880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.332709401845932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3230336308479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2233525812625885}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007194","descriptor_name":"India","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007226","descriptor_name":"Infant Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012423","descriptor_name":"Rural Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012423","descriptor_name":"Rural Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019035","descriptor_name":"Rural Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019035","descriptor_name":"Rural Health Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058996","descriptor_name":"Quality Improvement","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105066276","display_name":"Global Health Action","issn_l":"1654-9716","issn":["1654-9716","1654-9880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2588586","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3586666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3586666","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3586666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Glob Health Action","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:23458089","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23458089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global health action","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee6b401417104c60b275ba2db442d6fd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee6b401417104c60b275ba2db442d6fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action, Vol 6, Iss 0, Pp 1-11 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105066276","display_name":"Global Health Action","issn_l":"1654-9716","issn":["1654-9716","1654-9880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4399999976158142}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325388","display_name":"Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079996519","https://openalex.org/W2121065945","https://openalex.org/W2569225677","https://openalex.org/W2972094961","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226126230","https://openalex.org/W2507589243","https://openalex.org/W2779969230","https://openalex.org/W2588528762","https://openalex.org/W4256053125","https://openalex.org/W7162691581","https://openalex.org/W4402478135","https://openalex.org/W1837970647","https://openalex.org/W2015482378","https://openalex.org/W1970676630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"At":[1],"the":[2,5,24,46,68,79,114,176,200,203,210],"turn":[3],"of":[4,53,64,116,124,202],"21st":[6],"century,":[7],"India":[8,66],"was":[9,29,86,98],"plagued":[10],"by":[11,160,184],"significant":[12],"rural-urban,":[13],"inter-state":[14],"and":[15,57,108,119,128,142,145,148,165,188,217],"inter-district":[16],"inequities":[17,216],"in":[18,22,33,55,74,88,153,172,180,193],"health.":[19],"For":[20],"example,":[21],"2004,":[23],"infant":[25],"mortality":[26,178],"rate":[27,179],"(IMR)":[28],"24":[30],"points":[31,162,171],"higher":[32,102],"rural":[34,47,89,157],"areas":[35,90],"compared":[36,168,190],"to":[37,44,58,94,169,191,213],"urban":[38,173],"areas.":[39,174],"To":[40],"address":[41],"these":[42],"inequities,":[43],"strengthen":[45],"health":[48,54,118,215],"system":[49],"(a":[50],"major":[51],"determinant":[52],"itself)":[56],"facilitate":[59],"action":[60,219],"on":[61,113,199,220],"other":[62,194],"determinants":[63,123],"health,":[65,125],"launched":[67],"National":[69],"Rural":[70],"Health":[71,137,147],"Mission":[72],"(NRHM)":[73],"April":[75,92],"2005.":[76],"METHODS:":[77],"Under":[78],"NRHM,":[80,208],"Rs.":[81],"666":[82],"billion":[83],"(US$12.1":[84],"billion)":[85],"invested":[87],"from":[91],"2005":[93],"March":[95],"2012.":[96],"There":[97],"also":[99],"a":[100],"substantially":[101],"allocation":[103],"for":[104],"18":[105],"high-focus":[106,110,155,181],"states":[107,182],"264":[109],"districts,":[111],"identified":[112],"basis":[115,201],"poor":[117],"demographic":[120],"indicators.":[121],"Other":[122],"especially":[126],"nutrition":[127],"decentralized":[129],"action,":[130],"were":[131],"addressed":[132],"through":[133],"mechanisms":[134],"like":[135],"State/District":[136],"Missions,":[138],"Village":[139,146],"Health,":[140],"Sanitation":[141],"Nutrition":[143,149],"Committees,":[144],"Days.":[150],"RESULTS:":[151],"Consequently,":[152],"bigger":[154],"states,":[156],"IMR":[158],"fell":[159],"15.6":[161],"between":[163,186],"2004":[164],"2011,":[166],"as":[167],"9":[170],"Similarly,":[175],"maternal":[177],"declined":[183],"17.9%":[185],"2004-2006":[187],"2007-2009":[189],"14.6%":[192],"states.":[195],"CONCLUSION:":[196],"The":[197],"article,":[198],"above":[204],"approaches":[205],"employed":[206],"under":[207],"proposes":[209],"NRHM":[211],"model":[212],"'reduce":[214],"initiate":[218],"SDH'.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
