{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128148365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","title":"Single-Particle Imaging of Macromolecules by Cryo-Electron Microscopy","display_name":"Single-Particle Imaging of Macromolecules by Cryo-Electron Microscopy","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128148365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","mag":"2128148365","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","pdf_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197825871","display_name":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","issn_l":"1056-8700","issn":["1056-8700","1545-4266"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042892654","display_name":"Joachim Frank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-6943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-6943","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2442-1112"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327163397","display_name":"State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01q1z8k08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339417872","display_name":"Wadsworth Center","ror":"https://ror.org/050kf9c55","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298060332","https://openalex.org/I1339417872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Health Research Inc at the Wadsworth Center, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Health Research Inc at the Wadsworth Center, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I1339417872","https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042892654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327163397","https://openalex.org/I1339417872","https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I392282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7216,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":337,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"303","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11162","display_name":"Enzyme Structure and Function","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryo-electron-microscopy","display_name":"cryo-electron microscopy","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-particle-imaging","display_name":"single-particle imaging","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macromolecular-structure","display_name":"macromolecular structure","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-machines","display_name":"molecular machines","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformational-change","display_name":"conformational change","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-interactions","display_name":"molecular interactions","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcription","display_name":"transcription","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mrna-splicing","display_name":"mRNA splicing","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-biology","display_name":"translation (biology)","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-assembly","display_name":"molecular assembly","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20702342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190506","display_name":"Cryo-electron microscopy","level":2,"score":0.8250745534896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54458228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237218","display_name":"RNA splicing","level":4,"score":0.5605122447013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204389451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178593","display_name":"Macromolecule","level":2,"score":0.49741843342781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191120209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908902","display_name":"Structural biology","level":2,"score":0.4965677857398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93877712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132560","display_name":"Electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.4683113992214203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777993257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904576","display_name":"Cryo-electron tomography","level":3,"score":0.46605831384658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.4640715718269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65293305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523967","display_name":"Single particle analysis","level":3,"score":0.4510853886604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.4455059766769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4451780617237091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32909587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369","display_name":"Molecule","level":2,"score":0.4274595081806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4165940582752228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139425391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2726733","display_name":"Molecular machine","level":2,"score":0.414398193359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.3415790796279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2982885241508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27562087774276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.2124916911125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1865432858467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.11388787627220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009682","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011487","descriptor_name":"Protein Conformation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012270","descriptor_name":"Ribosomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012326","descriptor_name":"RNA Splicing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012333","descriptor_name":"RNA, Messenger","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014158","descriptor_name":"Transcription, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017381","descriptor_name":"Spliceosomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017411","descriptor_name":"Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018360","descriptor_name":"Crystallography, X-Ray","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020285","descriptor_name":"Cryoelectron Microscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","pdf_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197825871","display_name":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","issn_l":"1056-8700","issn":["1056-8700","1545-4266"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11988472","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of biophysics and biomolecular structure","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","pdf_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biophys.31.082901.134202","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197825871","display_name":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","issn_l":"1056-8700","issn":["1056-8700","1545-4266"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4921166289","display_name":"Time-resolved Cryo-EM of Short-lived States in Eukaryotic Translation","funder_award_id":"R01GM055440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5239950330","display_name":"STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MACROMOLECULAR ASSEMBLY","funder_award_id":"R37GM029169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6425006482","display_name":"Acquisition of a 200 kV Field Emission Gun Transmission     Electron Microscope for Macromolecular Imaging","funder_award_id":"9871347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7862612590","display_name":"Visualization of Biological Complexity Resource","funder_award_id":"P41RR001219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337398","display_name":"Division of Biological Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04qn9mx93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2128148365.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2128148365.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64861853","https://openalex.org/W163597489","https://openalex.org/W1492556495","https://openalex.org/W1529329354","https://openalex.org/W1534892601","https://openalex.org/W1605208286","https://openalex.org/W1607300871","https://openalex.org/W1677689941","https://openalex.org/W1883973295","https://openalex.org/W1967288647","https://openalex.org/W1967489089","https://openalex.org/W1973167641","https://openalex.org/W1974436831","https://openalex.org/W1976247681","https://openalex.org/W1976389850","https://openalex.org/W1983534198","https://openalex.org/W1983751391","https://openalex.org/W1987087256","https://openalex.org/W1990869436","https://openalex.org/W1998256201","https://openalex.org/W1999497853","https://openalex.org/W2000122627","https://openalex.org/W2001024934","https://openalex.org/W2002494702","https://openalex.org/W2002532175","https://openalex.org/W2002547620","https://openalex.org/W2003401905","https://openalex.org/W2008025258","https://openalex.org/W2008857867","https://openalex.org/W2010113343","https://openalex.org/W2013083986","https://openalex.org/W2013338348","https://openalex.org/W2016113157","https://openalex.org/W2016367858","https://openalex.org/W2016533183","https://openalex.org/W2021761289","https://openalex.org/W2022163245","https://openalex.org/W2023226631","https://openalex.org/W2024588129","https://openalex.org/W2025752550","https://openalex.org/W2035805172","https://openalex.org/W2037216529","https://openalex.org/W2043225011","https://openalex.org/W2044629144","https://openalex.org/W2046338564","https://openalex.org/W2046653182","https://openalex.org/W2056432923","https://openalex.org/W2060481880","https://openalex.org/W2061146689","https://openalex.org/W2067911054","https://openalex.org/W2069500456","https://openalex.org/W2071840045","https://openalex.org/W2073916392","https://openalex.org/W2075704767","https://openalex.org/W2076710572","https://openalex.org/W2077580539","https://openalex.org/W2084314403","https://openalex.org/W2084824108","https://openalex.org/W2085536565","https://openalex.org/W2086662933","https://openalex.org/W2087173180","https://openalex.org/W2092617311","https://openalex.org/W2093471887","https://openalex.org/W2094869942","https://openalex.org/W2095482495","https://openalex.org/W2098686335","https://openalex.org/W2116458567","https://openalex.org/W2116888204","https://openalex.org/W2119342149","https://openalex.org/W2119966574","https://openalex.org/W2126919547","https://openalex.org/W2128897252","https://openalex.org/W2129096064","https://openalex.org/W2140071307","https://openalex.org/W2141974515","https://openalex.org/W2148802050","https://openalex.org/W2149705812","https://openalex.org/W2152348402","https://openalex.org/W2160341948","https://openalex.org/W2161965339","https://openalex.org/W2170169496","https://openalex.org/W4248822239","https://openalex.org/W4252839115","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4388366740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2943952301","https://openalex.org/W4313473177","https://openalex.org/W4254713059","https://openalex.org/W7140254816","https://openalex.org/W2175239329","https://openalex.org/W2112429094","https://openalex.org/W2046563831","https://openalex.org/W2529286279","https://openalex.org/W1520649887","https://openalex.org/W2736403501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryo-electron":[0],"microscopy":[1],"(cryo-EM)":[2],"of":[3,19,52,59,74,85,97],"biological":[4,38],"molecules":[5],"in":[6,70],"single-particle":[7],"(i.e.,":[8],"unordered,":[9],"nonaggregated)":[10],"form":[11],"is":[12],"a":[13],"new":[14,87],"approach":[15],"to":[16,29,32,49],"the":[17,41,50,71,86],"study":[18,51],"molecular":[20,42,67],"assemblies,":[21],"which":[22],"are":[23,44,80],"often":[24],"too":[25],"large":[26],"and":[27,63,78,104],"flexible":[28],"be":[30],"amenable":[31],"X-ray":[33,102],"crystallography.":[34],"New":[35],"insights":[36],"into":[37],"function":[39],"on":[40],"level":[43],"expected":[45],"from":[46],"cryo-EM":[47],"applied":[48],"such":[53,100],"complexes":[54],"\"trapped\"":[55],"at":[56],"different":[57],"stages":[58],"their":[60],"conformational":[61],"changes":[62],"dynamical":[64],"interactions.":[65],"Important":[66],"machines":[68],"involved":[69],"fundamental":[72],"processes":[73],"transcription,":[75],"mRNA":[76],"splicing,":[77],"translation":[79],"examples":[81],"for":[82],"successful":[83],"applications":[84],"technique,":[88],"combined":[89],"with":[90],"structural":[91],"knowledge":[92],"gained":[93],"by":[94],"conventional":[95],"techniques":[96],"structure":[98],"determination,":[99],"as":[101],"crystallography":[103],"NMR.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}