{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126901778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","title":"Reconstructing the Emergence of Cellular Life through the Synthesis of Model Protocells","display_name":"Reconstructing the Emergence of Cellular Life through the Synthesis of Model Protocells","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126901778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","mag":"2126901778","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19734203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","pdf_url":"http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/47.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78756772","display_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology","issn_l":"0091-7451","issn":["0091-7451","1943-4456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/47.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044505147","display_name":"Sheref S. Mansy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-198X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-198X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. S. Mansy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Synthetic and Reconstructive Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38100 Mattarello, Italy","Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Synthetic and Reconstructive Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento,\n                           38100 Mattarello (Trento), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Synthetic and Reconstructive Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38100 Mattarello, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Synthetic and Reconstructive Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento,\n                           38100 Mattarello (Trento), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023274897","display_name":"Jack W. Szostak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-1203","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-1203"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1344073410","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271026","display_name":"Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qt3xv71","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Szostak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard Hughes Medical Institute , and Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology ,","Massachusetts General Hospital , Simches Research Center , Boston , Massachusetts 02115","Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology,\n                           Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute , and Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts General Hospital , Simches Research Center , Boston , Massachusetts 02115","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology,\n                           Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1344073410","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4405271026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"0","first_page":"47","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origin-of-life","display_name":"origin of life","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocells","display_name":"protocells","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-vesicles","display_name":"membrane vesicles","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-assembly","display_name":"self-assembly","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primitive-cell","display_name":"primitive cell","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-earth-chemistry","display_name":"early Earth chemistry","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114032466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389465","display_name":"Protocell","level":3,"score":0.9886072874069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24107716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123619","display_name":"Nucleic acid","level":2,"score":0.6060028672218323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190161988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231218","display_name":"Abiogenesis","level":2,"score":0.5735498666763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191908910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862838","display_name":"Synthetic biology","level":2,"score":0.5298941731452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137143421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1176234","display_name":"Artificial cell","level":3,"score":0.5121283531188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.44588178396224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.4397915303707123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.41015374660491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.37928253412246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.2614935338497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.20043307542800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069497","descriptor_name":"Origin of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002451","descriptor_name":"Cell Compartmentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002462","descriptor_name":"Cell Membrane","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002463","descriptor_name":"Cell Membrane Permeability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002477","descriptor_name":"Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005227","descriptor_name":"Fatty Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009696","descriptor_name":"Nucleic Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050260","descriptor_name":"Carbohydrate Metabolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","pdf_url":"http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/47.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78756772","display_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology","issn_l":"0091-7451","issn":["0091-7451","1943-4456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19734203","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19734203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/89317","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/47.long","pdf_url":"http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/47.long","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196320","display_name":"Iris (University of Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2009.74.014","pdf_url":"http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/74/47.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78756772","display_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology","issn_l":"0091-7451","issn":["0091-7451","1943-4456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315909","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1619448716","display_name":"Darwinian Chemical Systems","funder_award_id":"0434507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306082","display_name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006w34k90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309324","display_name":"Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04q644746"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337393","display_name":"Division of Chemistry","ror":"https://ror.org/01ar8dr59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126901778.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126901778.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116624303","https://openalex.org/W1551145292","https://openalex.org/W1964583257","https://openalex.org/W1968492532","https://openalex.org/W1969933110","https://openalex.org/W1972393326","https://openalex.org/W1989130001","https://openalex.org/W2009680818","https://openalex.org/W2014425754","https://openalex.org/W2017457582","https://openalex.org/W2026829672","https://openalex.org/W2033473419","https://openalex.org/W2033636230","https://openalex.org/W2046558616","https://openalex.org/W2046933775","https://openalex.org/W2053710579","https://openalex.org/W2056077919","https://openalex.org/W2060537293","https://openalex.org/W2073934614","https://openalex.org/W2075002643","https://openalex.org/W2076273576","https://openalex.org/W2083026006","https://openalex.org/W2089865129","https://openalex.org/W2090764482","https://openalex.org/W2090887754","https://openalex.org/W2116244149","https://openalex.org/W2122439022","https://openalex.org/W2133830966","https://openalex.org/W2145082051","https://openalex.org/W2166637067","https://openalex.org/W2179913100","https://openalex.org/W2463227637","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098725272","https://openalex.org/W2186850305","https://openalex.org/W2061474726","https://openalex.org/W2939668780","https://openalex.org/W2005079170","https://openalex.org/W2096233567","https://openalex.org/W1984724404","https://openalex.org/W2132859930","https://openalex.org/W1994097939","https://openalex.org/W2134171083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25],"complexity":[1],"of":[2,21,35,44,63,92,104,150,157,169,179,185,188,197],"modern":[3],"biological":[4],"life":[5,14],"has":[6],"long":[7],"made":[8],"it":[9],"difficult":[10],"to":[11,27,50,111,147,165],"understand":[12],"how":[13],"could":[15],"emerge":[16],"spontaneously":[17,51],"from":[18],"the":[19,22,33,36,42,45,59,75,80,90,105,148,158,167,177,186,192],"chemistry":[20,126],"early":[23,195],"earth.":[24],"key":[26,61],"resolving":[28],"this":[29],"mystery":[30],"lies":[31],"in":[32],"simplicity":[34],"earliest":[37],"living":[38],"cells,":[39],"together":[40],"with":[41],"ability":[43],"appropriate":[46],"molecular":[47],"building":[48],"blocks":[49],"self-assemble":[52],"into":[53,116],"larger":[54],"structures.":[55],"In":[56],"our":[57,183],"view,":[58],"two":[60,114],"components":[62],"a":[64,117,145,170],"primitive":[65],"cell":[66,81],"are":[67],"not":[68,143],"only":[69],"self-assembling,":[70],"but":[71],"also":[72],"self-replicating,":[73],"structures:":[74],"nucleic":[76,95],"acid":[77,96],"genome":[78],"and":[79,97,101,174,191,194],"membrane.":[82],"Here,":[83],"we":[84,175],"summarize":[85],"recent":[86],"experimental":[87],"progress":[88],"toward":[89],"synthesis":[91,168],"efficient":[93],"self-replicating":[94,172],"membrane":[98,131],"vesicle":[99],"systems":[100],"discuss":[102,176],"some":[103,156],"issues":[106],"that":[107,123,161],"arise":[108],"during":[109],"efforts":[110],"integrate":[112],"these":[113,180],"subsystems":[115],"coherent":[118],"whole.":[119],"We":[120,154],"have":[121],"shown":[122],"spontaneous":[124],"nucleic-acid-copying":[125],"can":[127],"take":[128],"place":[129],"within":[130],"vesicles,":[132],"using":[133],"externally":[134],"supplied":[135,152],"activated":[136],"nucleotides":[137],"as":[138],"substrates.":[139],"Thus,":[140],"membranes":[141],"need":[142],"be":[144,163],"barrier":[146],"uptake":[149],"environmentally":[151],"nutrients.":[153],"examine":[155],"remaining":[159],"obstacles":[160],"must":[162],"overcome":[164],"enable":[166],"complete":[171],"protocell,":[173],"implications":[178],"experiments":[181],"for":[182],"understanding":[184],"emergence":[187],"Darwinian":[189],"evolution":[190,196],"origin":[193],"cellular":[198],"life.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
