{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126595161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","title":"Two Hundred Years of Surgery","display_name":"Two Hundred Years of Surgery","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126595161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","mag":"2126595161","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejmra1202392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","pdf_url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1202392?articleTools=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1202392?articleTools=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039378572","display_name":"Atul A. Gawande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-9176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-9176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atul Gawande","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health \u2014 both in Boston","Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health \u2014 both in Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039378572"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":310.0933,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":213,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99986852,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"366","issue":"18","first_page":"1716","last_page":"1723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6586999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.6586999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13735","display_name":"History of Medical Practice","score":0.3402999937534332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-surgery","display_name":"history of surgery","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-of-surgical-techniques","display_name":"surgical technique evolution","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-reconstruction","display_name":"surgical reconstruction","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsurgery","display_name":"microsurgery","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-transplantation","display_name":"organ transplantation","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-technique","display_name":"surgical technique","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9351379871368408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.5868276357650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.41916516423225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61434518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510","display_name":"General surgery","level":1,"score":0.4053404927253723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000758","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000985","descriptor_name":"Antisepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011183","descriptor_name":"Postoperative Complications","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011183","descriptor_name":"Postoperative Complications","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013502","descriptor_name":"General Surgery","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013514","descriptor_name":"Surgical Procedures, Operative","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013514","descriptor_name":"Surgical Procedures, Operative","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049674","descriptor_name":"History, 21st Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejmra1202392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","pdf_url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1202392?articleTools=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22551130","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The New England journal of medicine","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1056/nejmra1202392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1202392","pdf_url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1202392?articleTools=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62468778","display_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","issn_l":"0028-4793","issn":["0028-4793","0096-6762","1533-4406","2331-4710"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320239","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Medical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320239"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Massachusetts Medical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126595161.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59186676","https://openalex.org/W85901060","https://openalex.org/W581659387","https://openalex.org/W613444699","https://openalex.org/W651562675","https://openalex.org/W1563444724","https://openalex.org/W1966581412","https://openalex.org/W1970314088","https://openalex.org/W2019531718","https://openalex.org/W2039398098","https://openalex.org/W2056300540","https://openalex.org/W2067732222","https://openalex.org/W2090505647","https://openalex.org/W2091980534","https://openalex.org/W2116397695","https://openalex.org/W2119026343","https://openalex.org/W2136980972","https://openalex.org/W2159081923","https://openalex.org/W2198228400","https://openalex.org/W2312422508","https://openalex.org/W2315919853","https://openalex.org/W2316349286","https://openalex.org/W2316812727","https://openalex.org/W2317970382","https://openalex.org/W2331544199","https://openalex.org/W2333200433","https://openalex.org/W2337422052","https://openalex.org/W2395810282","https://openalex.org/W2396604116","https://openalex.org/W2503447135","https://openalex.org/W4236055878","https://openalex.org/W4240071637","https://openalex.org/W4244736276","https://openalex.org/W4251613211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7135534371","https://openalex.org/W2413327727","https://openalex.org/W2971301297","https://openalex.org/W4231949284","https://openalex.org/W2086909244","https://openalex.org/W621516765","https://openalex.org/W7017841123","https://openalex.org/W2084117398","https://openalex.org/W4378804946","https://openalex.org/W4388835249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1],"article":[2],"traces":[3],"the":[4,11,17],"history":[5],"and":[6,24,34],"progress":[7],"of":[8],"surgery":[9],"over":[10],"past":[12],"two":[13],"centuries,":[14],"during":[15],"which":[16],"profession":[18],"evolved":[19],"from":[20],"rapidly":[21],"performed,":[22],"rudimentary,":[23],"often":[25],"unsuccessful":[26],"procedures":[27],"to":[28],"bold":[29],"reconstruction,":[30],"intricate":[31],"microsurgery,":[32],"transplantation,":[33],"more.":[35]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
