{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126469352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10158","title":"CSB investigation of the explosions and fire at the BP texas city refinery on March 23, 2005","display_name":"CSB investigation of the explosions and fire at the BP texas city refinery on March 23, 2005","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126469352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10158","mag":"2126469352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/prs.10158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139295051","display_name":"Process Safety Progress","issn_l":"1066-8527","issn":["1066-8527","1547-5913"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Process Safety Progress","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051985457","display_name":"Don Holmstrom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Holmstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Francisco Altamirano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Altamirano","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111445184","display_name":"Johnnie Banks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johnnie Banks","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108497427","display_name":"Giby Joseph","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giby Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040992683","display_name":"Mark Kaszniak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Kaszniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076683415","display_name":"Cheryl MacKenzie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheryl Mackenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071323882","display_name":"Reepa Shroff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reepa Shroff","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hillary Cohen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hillary Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102092394","display_name":"Stephen J. Wallace","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Washington, DC 20037","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102092394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9012,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87650273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"345","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14091","display_name":"Industrial and Mining Safety","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13840","display_name":"Chemical Safety and Risk Management","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1504","display_name":"Chemical Health and Safety"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-sources","display_name":"ignition sources","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause-analysis","display_name":"root cause analysis","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintenance-procedures","display_name":"maintenance procedures","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-compliance","display_name":"regulatory compliance","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-guidelines","display_name":"safety guidelines","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrocarbon-emissions","display_name":"hydrocarbon emissions","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118978325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4938339","display_name":"Boiler blowdown","level":3,"score":0.7390551567077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31892906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457310","display_name":"Flammable liquid","level":2,"score":0.7128978371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80038721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4380673","display_name":"Process safety","level":3,"score":0.6552834510803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105168734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1867977","display_name":"Refinery","level":2,"score":0.6490261554718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4910891056060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159063594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248382","display_name":"Ignition system","level":2,"score":0.4736534357070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4626501500606537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.45212793350219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4513971209526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20309002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12353044","display_name":"Oil refinery","level":2,"score":0.4393399953842163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5311032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905286","display_name":"Chemical plant","level":2,"score":0.19415268301963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15152159333229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.12869250774383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172599","display_name":"Inlet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/prs.10158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.10158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139295051","display_name":"Process Safety Progress","issn_l":"1066-8527","issn":["1066-8527","1547-5913"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Process Safety Progress","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W85185831","https://openalex.org/W1971774675","https://openalex.org/W7100273964","https://openalex.org/W4242756447","https://openalex.org/W2556722266","https://openalex.org/W1871476915","https://openalex.org/W3111754028","https://openalex.org/W2049591714","https://openalex.org/W1489400483","https://openalex.org/W4408625327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"At":[1],"approximately":[2],"1:20":[3],"p.m.":[4],"on":[5],"Wednesday,":[6],"March":[7],"23,":[8],"2005":[9],"a":[10,57,88,107,152,162],"series":[11],"of":[12,27,45,78,92,154,182,207,216,241,262],"explosions":[13,118],"and":[14,37,60,70,96,119,122,134,187,191,198,200,210,238,244],"fire":[15,120],"occurred":[16],"at":[17],"the":[18,25,64,83,100,124,136,144,167,176,180,183,205,214,227,231,236,242,251,255],"BP":[19,157,256],"Texas":[20,158],"City":[21,159],"oil":[22],"refinery":[23],"during":[24,82],"start\u2010up":[26],"an":[28],"isomerization":[29,184],"(ISOM)":[30],"process":[31,85],"unit.":[32,126],"Fifteen":[33],"workers":[34],"were":[35,42,48],"killed":[36,47],"about":[38],"170":[39],"other":[40],"people":[41],"injured.":[43],"Many":[44],"those":[46],"working":[49],"in":[50,121,133,222],"or":[51],"around":[52,123,135],"office":[53],"trailers":[54,221],"located":[55],"near":[56],"blowdown":[58,137],"drum":[59,138],"stack":[61],"open":[62],"to":[63,156,160,174],"atmosphere.":[65],"The":[66],"U.S.":[67],"Chemical":[68,263],"Safety":[69],"Hazard":[71],"Investigation":[72],"Board":[73],"(CSB)":[74],"found":[75],"that":[76,80],"because":[77],"problems":[79],"began":[81],"ISOM":[84,125],"unit":[86,185],"start\u2010up,":[87],"sudden,":[89],"geyser\u2010like":[90],"release":[91,105],"flammable":[93,108],"hydrocarbon":[94],"liquid":[95],"vapor":[97,109],"discharged":[98],"from":[99,230,254],"atmospheric":[101],"vent":[102],"stack.":[103],"This":[104,169,224],"created":[106],"cloud,":[110],"which":[111],"ignited,":[112],"causing":[113],"as":[114,116,220],"many":[115],"five":[117],"CSB":[127,150,232,252],"identified":[128],"multiple":[129],"possible":[130],"ignition":[131,146],"sources":[132],"area,":[139],"including":[140],"idling":[141],"vehicles;":[142],"however,":[143],"exact":[145],"source":[147],"remains":[148],"unknown.":[149],"deployed":[151],"team":[153,170,234],"investigators":[155],"conduct":[161],"root\u2010cause":[163],"investigation":[164],"immediately":[165],"after":[166],"incident.":[168,257],"examined":[171,188],"blast":[172],"patterns":[173],"determine":[175],"explosion":[177],"origin;":[178],"reviewed":[179,204],"design":[181],"equipment;":[186],"plant":[189],"safety":[190],"operating":[192],"procedures,":[193,197],"past":[194],"accidents,":[195],"maintenance":[196],"oversight":[199],"inspection.":[201],"Investigators":[202],"also":[203],"adequacy":[206],"applicable":[208],"regulations":[209],"industry":[211],"standards":[212],"for":[213],"placement":[215],"temporary":[217],"structures":[218],"such":[219],"refineries.":[223],"article":[225],"presents":[226],"preliminary":[228],"findings":[229],"investigative":[233],"regarding":[235],"technical":[237],"underlying":[239],"causes":[240],"incident":[243],"discusses":[245],"three":[246],"urgent":[247],"recommendations":[248],"issued":[249],"by":[250],"stemming":[253],"\u00a9":[258],"2006":[259,268],"American":[260],"Institute":[261],"Engineers":[264],"Process":[265],"Saf":[266],"Prog,":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}