{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126408293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","title":"What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success","display_name":"What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126408293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","mag":"2126408293","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22535537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","pdf_url":"https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/46/8/555.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136578784","display_name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","issn_l":"0306-3674","issn":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/46/8/555.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003938824","display_name":"Ross Tucker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4294-4822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4294-4822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ross Tucker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Biology, Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa. ross.tucker@mweb.co.za","Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, 7725, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Biology, Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa. ross.tucker@mweb.co.za","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, PO Box 115, Newlands, 7725, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083677428","display_name":"Malcolm Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10947320","display_name":"South African Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05q60vz69","country_code":"ZA","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10947320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malcolm Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10947320","https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003938824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9405,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":328,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94495413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"8","first_page":"555","last_page":"561"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13354","display_name":"Genetics and Physical Performance","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13354","display_name":"Genetics and Physical Performance","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.011099999770522118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-factors","display_name":"genetic factors","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"training","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberate-practice","display_name":"deliberate practice","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/talent-identification","display_name":"talent identification","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/talent-management","display_name":"talent management","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-versus-nurture","display_name":"nature versus nurture","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-potential","display_name":"genetic potential","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-thresholds","display_name":"performance thresholds","score":0.5199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.9019011855125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120452360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773859","display_name":"Nature versus nurture","level":2,"score":0.786521315574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780465443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852061","display_name":"Champion","level":2,"score":0.7669326066970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5806281566619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33313701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298380","display_name":"Sports science","level":2,"score":0.48657453060150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4855227470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.475778728723526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4431628882884979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.34614384174346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31772100925445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21083292365074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16761335730552673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.08581602573394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.08370864391326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07608667016029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000124","descriptor_name":"Achievement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001076","descriptor_name":"Aptitude","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001827","descriptor_name":"Body Height","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001827","descriptor_name":"Body Height","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009048","descriptor_name":"Motor Skills","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010101","descriptor_name":"Oxygen Consumption","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010101","descriptor_name":"Oxygen Consumption","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010806","descriptor_name":"Physical Education and Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012727","descriptor_name":"Sex Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054874","descriptor_name":"Athletic Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","pdf_url":"https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/46/8/555.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136578784","display_name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","issn_l":"0306-3674","issn":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22535537","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22535537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British journal of sports medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548","pdf_url":"https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/bjsports/46/8/555.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136578784","display_name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","issn_l":"0306-3674","issn":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126408293.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126408293.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179861685","https://openalex.org/W1581625568","https://openalex.org/W1602376808","https://openalex.org/W1602769761","https://openalex.org/W1625698828","https://openalex.org/W1966331109","https://openalex.org/W1976754871","https://openalex.org/W1988685044","https://openalex.org/W1997523103","https://openalex.org/W2005191830","https://openalex.org/W2009913261","https://openalex.org/W2014464577","https://openalex.org/W2018071042","https://openalex.org/W2037616674","https://openalex.org/W2046593992","https://openalex.org/W2047223900","https://openalex.org/W2047681654","https://openalex.org/W2056426365","https://openalex.org/W2058061753","https://openalex.org/W2065907989","https://openalex.org/W2078749292","https://openalex.org/W2087773356","https://openalex.org/W2094280334","https://openalex.org/W2095614239","https://openalex.org/W2108423997","https://openalex.org/W2113895302","https://openalex.org/W2137060302","https://openalex.org/W2137247190","https://openalex.org/W2138055118","https://openalex.org/W2138255482","https://openalex.org/W2144693601","https://openalex.org/W2150627164","https://openalex.org/W2155496693","https://openalex.org/W2162703505","https://openalex.org/W2163684868","https://openalex.org/W2177190700","https://openalex.org/W4292691146","https://openalex.org/W6634855146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2418559842","https://openalex.org/W2770894496","https://openalex.org/W4235940044","https://openalex.org/W2619262565","https://openalex.org/W4244873373","https://openalex.org/W1734537163","https://openalex.org/W7207533274","https://openalex.org/W1958206100","https://openalex.org/W2047778220","https://openalex.org/W3103449362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Elite":[0],"sporting":[1,83,115,193,223],"performance":[2,37,143,194],"results":[3],"from":[4],"the":[5,31,42,51,89,98,108,157,166,172,196,199,207],"combination":[6],"of":[7,33,44,66,91,110,114,198],"innumerable":[8],"factors,":[9,205],"which":[10,54,160],"interact":[11],"with":[12,206],"one":[13,65],"another":[14],"in":[15,185],"a":[16,24,28,61,111],"poorly":[17],"understood":[18,39],"but":[19],"complex":[20],"manner":[21],"to":[22,40,53,107,216,222],"mould":[23],"talented":[25],"athlete":[26],"into":[27],"champion.":[29],"Within":[30],"field":[32],"sports":[34],"science,":[35],"elite":[36,131,139,187,192],"is":[38,60,163,195],"be":[41,154],"result":[43,197,208],"both":[45,179,210],"training":[46,123,152,204,219],"and":[47,76,104,124,151,181,203,213],"genetic":[48,105,149,161,202],"factors.":[49],"However,":[50],"extent":[52],"champions":[55],"are":[56,128,145,169,183,220],"born":[57],"or":[58],"made":[59,100],"question":[62],"that":[63,120,178,209],"remains":[64],"considerable":[67],"interest,":[68],"since":[69],"it":[70],"has":[71],"implications":[72],"for":[73,81,130],"talent":[74,211],"identification":[75,212],"management,":[77],"as":[78,80,156],"well":[79],"how":[82],"federations":[84],"allocate":[85],"scarce":[86],"resources":[87],"towards":[88],"optimisation":[90],"high-performance":[92],"programmes.":[93],"The":[94,117],"present":[95],"review":[96],"describes":[97],"contributions":[99],"by":[101,135,147,159],"deliberate":[102,122],"practice":[103],"factors":[106,127],"attainment":[109],"high":[112],"level":[113],"performance.":[116,189],"authors":[118],"conclude":[119],"although":[121],"other":[125],"environmental":[126],"critical":[129],"performance,":[132],"they":[133],"cannot":[134],"themselves":[136],"produce":[137],"an":[138],"athlete.":[140],"Rather,":[141],"individual":[142],"thresholds":[144],"determined":[146],"our":[148],"make-up,":[150],"can":[153],"defined":[155],"process":[158],"potential":[162],"realised.":[164],"Although":[165],"specific":[167],"details":[168],"currently":[170],"unknown,":[171],"current":[173],"scientific":[174],"literature":[175],"clearly":[176],"indicates":[177],"nurture":[180],"nature":[182],"involved":[184],"determining":[186],"athletic":[188],"In":[190],"conclusion,":[191],"interaction":[200],"between":[201],"management":[214],"systems":[215],"facilitate":[217],"optimal":[218],"crucial":[221],"success.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
