{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126170285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.1999.19","title":"Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed grids","display_name":"Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed grids","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126170285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.1999.19","mag":"2126170285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/udi.1999.19","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.1999.19","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.1999.19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69773766","display_name":"URBAN DESIGN International","issn_l":"1357-5317","issn":["1357-5317","1468-4519","1468-5419"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"URBAN DESIGN International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104056575","display_name":"Bill Hillier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-3326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-3326"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bill Hillier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK","Bartlett School of Graduate Studies , University College London , London , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bartlett School of Graduate Studies , University College London , London , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104056575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.208,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":337,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97720601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3-4","first_page":"107","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"centrality","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-center","display_name":"urban center","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-layout","display_name":"spatial configuration","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/movement-patterns","display_name":"movement patterns","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-decisions","display_name":"land use decisions","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcentres","display_name":"subcentres","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-hierarchy","display_name":"urban hierarchy","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement-layout","display_name":"settlement layout","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.8446806073188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.6664172410964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.6537048816680908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936872","display_name":"Vitality","level":2,"score":0.5909892320632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.5623292922973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5567867755889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.49858951568603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.4287791848182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.426535964012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.3790075182914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3755476772785187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.3717242479324341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.34103041887283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30067819356918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2592794895172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21305400133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1777133047580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14894387125968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.09810394048690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/udi.1999.19","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.1999.19","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.1999.19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69773766","display_name":"URBAN DESIGN International","issn_l":"1357-5317","issn":["1357-5317","1468-4519","1468-5419"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"URBAN DESIGN International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1080/135753199350036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/135753199350036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/135753199350036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69773766","display_name":"URBAN DESIGN International","issn_l":"1357-5317","issn":["1357-5317","1468-4519","1468-5419"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319702","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319702","https://openalex.org/P4310319964"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Macmillan Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Urban Design International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.119.3385","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.119.3385","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.spacesyntax.net/symposia/sss2/spsx 2nd symposium 99 -2003 pdf/2nd symposium vol 1 pdf/06 hillier centr 300.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1056","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1056/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Urban Design International , 4 (3/4) pp. 107-127. (2000)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:31615","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/31615/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Urban Design International , 4 (3&4) pp. 107-127. (1999)","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:37369","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/37369/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Urban Design International , 4 (3) pp. 107-127. (1999)","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7646999955177307,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W773342561","https://openalex.org/W2051684769","https://openalex.org/W2111628916","https://openalex.org/W2172061885","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293394189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2184046929","https://openalex.org/W2625000321","https://openalex.org/W1551262989","https://openalex.org/W2470304032","https://openalex.org/W1687848645","https://openalex.org/W7098625559","https://openalex.org/W2183536143","https://openalex.org/W3161971149","https://openalex.org/W157268787","https://openalex.org/W3184384375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,111,163],"'centre'":[1],"of":[2,16,51,63,101,148,169,187,203,229],"a":[3,12,22,98,118,126,140,198],"settlement,":[4],"whether":[5],"city,":[6],"town":[7,94],"or":[8,95,226],"village,":[9],"usually":[10,32,105],"means":[11],"concentration":[13],"and":[14,19,39,53,71,82,87,89,103,146,150,159,174,184,207],"mix":[15],"land":[17,181],"uses":[18],"activities":[20],"in":[21,28,143,157,193,212],"prominent":[23],"location.":[24],"At":[25],"any":[26,220],"point":[27],"time,":[29],"it":[30,74,124,131,215],"is":[31,38,75,113,132,216],"fairly":[33],"clear":[34,76],"where":[35],"the":[36,45,49,64,109,144,167,175,185,188,194,208,223],"centre":[37],"what":[40],"its":[41],"limits":[42],"are.":[43],"However,":[44],"need":[46],"to":[47,58,92,114,122,219],"revitalize":[48],"centres":[50,68,78,102],"towns":[52],"cities,":[54],"has":[55,179],"drawn":[56],"attention":[57],"how":[59],"little":[60],"we":[61],"know":[62],"processes":[65,209],"by":[66],"which":[67],"are":[69],"generated":[70],"sustained.":[72],"Historically,":[73],"that":[77,134],"not":[79],"only":[80],"grow":[81],"shrink,":[83],"but":[84],"also":[85],"shift":[86],"diversify,":[88],"with":[90],"growth":[91],"large":[93],"city":[96],"level,":[97],"whole":[99],"hierarchy":[100],"subcentres":[104],"appears":[106],"diffused":[107],"throughout":[108],"settlement.":[110],"challenge":[112],"understand":[115],"centrality":[116],"as":[117,125,190,197],"process,":[119],"rather":[120],"than":[121],"describe":[123],"state.":[127],"In":[128],"this":[129,178],"paper":[130],"proposed":[133],"well-defined":[135],"spatial":[136,170,205],"factors":[137,206],"first":[138],"play":[139,152],"critical":[141,155],"role":[142,156],"formation":[145],"location":[147],"centres,":[149],"then":[151],"an":[153,191],"equally":[154],"developing":[158],"sustaining":[160,225],"their":[161],"vitality.":[162],"process":[164],"works":[165],"through":[166],"impact":[168],"configuration":[171],"on":[172,180],"movement,":[173],"subsequent":[176],"influence":[177],"use":[182],"choices,":[183],"development":[186,228],"area":[189],"'attractor'":[192],"settlement":[195],"layout":[196],"whole.":[199],"A":[200],"proper":[201],"understanding":[202],"these":[204],"they":[210],"set":[211],"train":[213],"is,":[214],"argued,":[217],"vital":[218],"programme":[221],"for":[222],"revitalization,":[224],"long-term":[227],"centres.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}