{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125529892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.2.398","title":"Deterrence in the Workplace: Perceived Certainty, Perceived Severity, and Employee Theft","display_name":"Deterrence in the Workplace: Perceived Certainty, Perceived Severity, and Employee Theft","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125529892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.2.398","mag":"2125529892","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10264479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/62.2.398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.2.398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.2.398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049807363","display_name":"Richard C. Hollinger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. C. Hollinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["[University of Florida]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University of Florida]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023677658","display_name":"Jocalyn Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8014-3989","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8014-3989"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. P. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of\u00a0Minnesota"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of\u00a0Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4152,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4152},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":293,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97558689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"2","first_page":"398","last_page":"398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.47360000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.47360000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.1485999971628189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.09030000120401382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-theft","display_name":"employee theft","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-certainty","display_name":"perceived certainty","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-severity","display_name":"perceived severity","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-crime","display_name":"workplace crime","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.8572990298271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6223503947257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6051698327064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5718506574630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142172996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221284","display_name":"Conformity","level":2,"score":0.5393509864807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99656134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912993","display_name":"Ordinary least squares","level":2,"score":0.5192989706993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4846135079860687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.46170833706855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.44155141711235046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.43402576446533203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780661219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857984","display_name":"Property crime","level":3,"score":0.43311771750450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2278684377670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.21754327416419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.18341955542564392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15422403812408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09671327471733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0942554771900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993504008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520311","display_name":"Violent crime","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008910","descriptor_name":"Minnesota","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009820","descriptor_name":"Ohio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010564","descriptor_name":"Personnel, Hospital","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013781","descriptor_name":"Texas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013800","descriptor_name":"Theft","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/62.2.398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.2.398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/62.2.398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2578314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2578314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2578314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10264479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10264479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.7257999777793884,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591137247","https://openalex.org/W601805767","https://openalex.org/W642801671","https://openalex.org/W1577305080","https://openalex.org/W1731443282","https://openalex.org/W1966055627","https://openalex.org/W1984232423","https://openalex.org/W2003822379","https://openalex.org/W2009856653","https://openalex.org/W2021939291","https://openalex.org/W2024167260","https://openalex.org/W2024424197","https://openalex.org/W2024709806","https://openalex.org/W2035579651","https://openalex.org/W2063803293","https://openalex.org/W2078217818","https://openalex.org/W2315786897","https://openalex.org/W2319347312","https://openalex.org/W2324379056","https://openalex.org/W2335644549","https://openalex.org/W2795750180","https://openalex.org/W3164549185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988727015","https://openalex.org/W2099634723","https://openalex.org/W2099315902","https://openalex.org/W2160549892","https://openalex.org/W2202865936","https://openalex.org/W93992172","https://openalex.org/W1966429986","https://openalex.org/W2734139380","https://openalex.org/W1977507365","https://openalex.org/W2026407894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86],"phenomenon":[1],"of":[2,32,53,59,117,124,129],"employee":[3,65],"theft":[4,34,70],"is":[5,148],"examined":[6],"empirically,":[7],"utilizing":[8],"a":[9,30,41,127,140],"deterrence":[10],"paradigm.":[11],"Employees":[12],"selected":[13],"randomly":[14],"from":[15],"three":[16],"different":[17],"industry":[18],"sectors":[19],"and":[20,57,97,121],"metropolitan":[21],"areas":[22],"were":[23,62,84],"asked":[24],"to":[25,64,76,138,142],"self-report":[26],"their":[27,111],"involvement":[28],"in":[29,145],"number":[31,128],"property":[33],"activities":[35],"within":[36],"the":[37,47,51,55],"employment":[38],"setting.":[39],"Using":[40],"weighted":[42],"least-squares":[43],"logit":[44],"regression":[45],"analysis,":[46],"study":[48],"found":[49],"that":[50,103],"perception":[52],"both":[54,118],"certainty":[56,120],"severity":[58,123],"organizational":[60],"sanctions":[61],"related":[63],"theft.":[66],"Males":[67],"reported":[68],"more":[69],"than":[71],"did":[72],"females,":[73],"but":[74],"contrary":[75],"previous":[77],"research,":[78],"no":[79],"gender/certainty":[80],"or":[81,143],"gender/severity":[82],"interactions":[83,100],"observed.":[85],"best-fit":[87],"model":[88],"did,":[89],"however,":[90],"contain":[91],"two":[92],"significant":[93],"first-order":[94],"interactions:":[95],"age/certainty":[96],"age/severity.":[98],"These":[99],"strongly":[101],"suggest":[102],"younger":[104],"employees":[105],"are":[106],"not":[107],"as":[108,110],"deterrable":[109],"older":[112],"peers,":[113],"especially":[114],"under":[115],"conditions":[116],"high":[119,122],"punishment.":[125],"While":[126],"possible":[130],"explanations":[131],"might":[132],"account":[133],"for":[134],"differential":[135],"deterrability":[136],"according":[137],"age,":[139],"commitment":[141],"stakes":[144],"conformity":[146],"explanation":[147],"proposed.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
