{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124849640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248236","title":"On Knowing the Meaning of Words We are Unable to Report Confirmation of a Guessing Explanation","display_name":"On Knowing the Meaning of Words We are Unable to Report Confirmation of a Guessing Explanation","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124849640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248236","mag":"2124849640","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7367572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00335558008248236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59062809","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","issn_l":"0033-555X","issn":["0033-555X","1747-0218","1747-0226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067643110","display_name":"PETER C. WILLIAMS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. C. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BNI 9QG, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BNI 9QG, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078195295","display_name":"Alan J. Parkin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. J. Parkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BNI 9QG, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BNI 9QG, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94833948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-errors","display_name":"semantic errors","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-dyslexia","display_name":"deep dyslexia","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-disabilities","display_name":"reading disorders","score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"replication","score":0.3499999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.654666006565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6529542803764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.5549601912498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5512930154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.5066958069801331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197914299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18650","display_name":"Semantic memory","level":3,"score":0.41916584968566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41751939058303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3929358720779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.3785158693790436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19918537139892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.16530218720436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08992663025856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005556","descriptor_name":"Form Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010470","descriptor_name":"Perceptual Masking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00335558008248236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00335558008248236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59062809","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","issn_l":"0033-555X","issn":["0033-555X","1747-0218","1747-0226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7367572","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7367572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519165391","https://openalex.org/W2007780422","https://openalex.org/W2017690654","https://openalex.org/W2031764694","https://openalex.org/W2067306049","https://openalex.org/W2091741943","https://openalex.org/W2105873399","https://openalex.org/W2124097448","https://openalex.org/W2320467872","https://openalex.org/W2477770001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091741943","https://openalex.org/W2011131931","https://openalex.org/W1966725994","https://openalex.org/W1998357558","https://openalex.org/W1550464207","https://openalex.org/W2135110205","https://openalex.org/W2057088967","https://openalex.org/W2093478955","https://openalex.org/W2060521822","https://openalex.org/W2020406529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"experiment":[1],"investigated":[2],"Allport's":[3],"(1977)":[4],"claim":[5],"that":[6,26,31,63,81],"normal":[7],"subjects":[8],"can":[9,89],"be":[10,90],"induced":[11],"to":[12,105],"make":[13],"semantic":[14,41,54,83],"errors":[15,42],"of":[16,40,57,75,95,108],"the":[17,37,48,71,82,106],"type":[18],"characterised":[19],"by":[20,28,51,87],"\u201cdeep":[21],"dyslexia\u201d.":[22],"The":[23,45],"procedure":[24],"followed":[25],"used":[27],"Allport":[29,88],"except":[30],"a":[32,53,96],"subject":[33],"based":[34],"control":[35],"for":[36,92],"chance":[38,73],"level":[39],"was":[43,60,66,78],"included.":[44],"results":[46],"replicated":[47],"original":[49],"finding":[50],"producing":[52],"error":[55,84],"rate":[56,65,74],"12\u00b77%.":[58],"It":[59,77],"shown,":[61],"however,":[62],"this":[64],"not":[67],"significantly":[68],"higher":[69],"than":[70],"calculated":[72],"11\u00b75%.":[76],"concluded,":[79],"therefore,":[80],"rates":[85],"reported":[86],"accounted":[91],"in":[93],"terms":[94],"guessing":[97],"artefact":[98],"and":[99],"thus":[100],"they":[101],"bear":[102],"no":[103],"relevance":[104],"problem":[107],"deep":[109],"dyslexia.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
