{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124651599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","title":"Insulin Resistance, \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction, and Conversion to Type 2 Diabetes in a Multiethnic Population","display_name":"Insulin Resistance, \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction, and Conversion to Type 2 Diabetes in a Multiethnic Population","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124651599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","mag":"2124651599","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19808919","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2797988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/dc09-1115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","pdf_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/33/1/67/604841/zdc00110000067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/33/1/67/604841/zdc00110000067.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042612191","display_name":"Carlos Lorenzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-765X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-765X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165951966","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02f6dcw23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165951966","https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;","Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of TexasHealth Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165951966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of TexasHealth Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165951966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089623919","display_name":"Lynne E. Wagenknecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-0889","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-0889"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269449","display_name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/046r1r105","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269449","https://openalex.org/I47251452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47251452","display_name":"Wake Forest University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207ad724","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lynne E. Wagenknecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269449","https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102136456","display_name":"Ralph B. D Agostino","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269449","display_name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/046r1r105","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269449","https://openalex.org/I47251452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47251452","display_name":"Wake Forest University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207ad724","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph B. D'Agostino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269449","https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058889710","display_name":"Marian Rewers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-9207","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-9207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087413","display_name":"University of Colorado Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0107w4315","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian J. Rewers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes and Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040058035","display_name":"Andrew John Karter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-316X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-316X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284138","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California","ror":"https://ror.org/0302f6d89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199","https://openalex.org/I4405284138"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Karter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Region, Oakland, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Region, Oakland, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199","https://openalex.org/I4405284138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108086045","display_name":"Steven M. Haffner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165951966","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02f6dcw23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165951966","https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven M. Haffner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165951966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042612191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165951966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97631451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"72"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.5435000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.5435000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10839","display_name":"Pancreatic function and diabetes","score":0.42800000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-cell-dysfunction","display_name":"beta-cell dysfunction","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-sensitivity","display_name":"insulin sensitivity","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-phase-insulin-secretion","display_name":"first-phase insulin secretion","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-insulin-response","display_name":"acute insulin response","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impaired-glucose-tolerance","display_name":"impaired glucose tolerance","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-onset-diabetes","display_name":"new-onset diabetes","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-differences","display_name":"ethnic differences","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-americans","display_name":"Hispanic Americans","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-hispanic-whites","display_name":"non-Hispanic whites","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance-atherosclerosis-study","display_name":"Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-prevention","display_name":"diabetes prevention","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8302463293075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7733755111694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.7506684064865112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2087205","display_name":"Impaired glucose tolerance","level":4,"score":0.7272847890853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.7248959541320801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.7089762687683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781179581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857712","display_name":"Family history","level":2,"score":0.5677767992019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5542551279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.5392308235168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5265182256698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.43069398403167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780833929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501412","display_name":"Glucose tolerance test","level":4,"score":0.41237393021583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0446871817111969}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001741","descriptor_name":"Black or African American","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006630","descriptor_name":"Hispanic or Latino","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007333","descriptor_name":"Insulin Resistance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018149","descriptor_name":"Glucose Intolerance","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050417","descriptor_name":"Insulin-Secreting Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050417","descriptor_name":"Insulin-Secreting Cells","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2337/dc09-1115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","pdf_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/33/1/67/604841/zdc00110000067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2797988","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2797988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:19808919","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19808919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes care","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.355.9938","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.355.9938","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/53/9a/Diabetes_Care_2010_Jan_6_33(1)_67-72.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/dc09-1115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1115","pdf_url":"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-pdf/33/1/67/604841/zdc00110000067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1009124840","display_name":"INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)","funder_award_id":"U01HL047902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1337312206","display_name":"INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)","funder_award_id":"U01HL047890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1407083605","display_name":"INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)","funder_award_id":"U01HL047887","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3548634124","display_name":"GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER","funder_award_id":"M01RR001346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5312458134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M01-RR431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5766050094","display_name":"Diabetes and Aging in a Multi-Ethnic Population","funder_award_id":"R01DK081796","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7050617213","display_name":"INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)","funder_award_id":"U01HL047892","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8081988819","display_name":"INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)","funder_award_id":"U01HL047889","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8958488782","display_name":"Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Complications","funder_award_id":"R01DK065664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2124651599.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2124651599.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11872906","https://openalex.org/W36168761","https://openalex.org/W1984161443","https://openalex.org/W1984297603","https://openalex.org/W2004014076","https://openalex.org/W2015391533","https://openalex.org/W2017998040","https://openalex.org/W2024140290","https://openalex.org/W2028006779","https://openalex.org/W2033392651","https://openalex.org/W2051313176","https://openalex.org/W2061257382","https://openalex.org/W2085039669","https://openalex.org/W2085760982","https://openalex.org/W2110548880","https://openalex.org/W2114549698","https://openalex.org/W2117897300","https://openalex.org/W2121083878","https://openalex.org/W2121879147","https://openalex.org/W2136910162","https://openalex.org/W2142797092","https://openalex.org/W2158822657","https://openalex.org/W2165796078","https://openalex.org/W2334309509","https://openalex.org/W2603785760","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096054389","https://openalex.org/W2167347025","https://openalex.org/W2077456271","https://openalex.org/W2004014076","https://openalex.org/W1997363741","https://openalex.org/W2012655679","https://openalex.org/W4401647363","https://openalex.org/W2371986503","https://openalex.org/W4281654805","https://openalex.org/W3137916600"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Insulin":[1,74],"resistance":[2,20,245],"and":[3,21,25,42,52,68,88,101,143,166,175,208,219,229,246],"beta-cell":[4,209],"function":[5,210],"are":[6,23],"major":[7],"predictors":[8,149],"of":[9,18,31,45,50,59,150,164,170,173,187,197,222,227,233],"type":[10,234],"2":[11,235],"diabetes,":[12,51,165,228],"but":[13],"studies":[14],"using":[15,112],"direct":[16],"methods":[17],"insulin":[19,95,103,106,206,244,247],"secretion":[22,104],"few":[24],"relatively":[26],"small.":[27],"Furthermore,":[28],"the":[29,73,113,122,171],"strength":[30,169],"these":[32],"associations":[33],"has":[34],"not":[35,181],"been":[36],"tested":[37],"in":[38,64,72,215],"different":[39,216],"ethnic":[40,217],"groups":[41,218],"various":[43,220],"states":[44,221],"glucose":[46,86,92,117,191,223],"tolerance,":[47,192,224],"family":[48,162,195,225],"history":[49,163,196,226],"obesity.":[53,230],"RESEARCH":[54],"DESIGN":[55],"AND":[56],"METHODS:":[57],"Predictors":[58],"incident":[60,151,178],"diabetes":[61,152,179,198,214,236],"were":[62,109,147],"evaluated":[63],"Hispanic,":[65],"non-Hispanic":[66],"white,":[67],"African":[69],"American":[70],"participants":[71,83],"Resistance":[75],"Atherosclerosis":[76],"Study":[77],"(aged":[78],"40-69":[79],"years).":[80],"In":[81],"557":[82],"with":[84,90],"normal":[85],"tolerance":[87,93,118],"269":[89],"impaired":[91],"(IGT),":[94],"sensitivity":[96,98,207],"(insulin":[97],"index":[99],"[S(I)])":[100],"first-phase":[102],"(acute":[105],"response":[107],"[AIR])":[108],"directly":[110],"measured":[111],"frequently":[114],"sampled":[115],"intravenous":[116],"test.":[119],"RESULTS:":[120],"At":[121],"5-year":[123],"follow-up":[124],"examination,":[125],"128":[126],"(15.5%)":[127],"individuals":[128],"had":[129],"developed":[130],"diabetes.":[131],"Both":[132,205],"S(I)":[133,174],"(odds":[134],"ratio":[135],"x":[136],"1":[137],"SD":[138],"0.50":[139],"[95%":[140],"CI":[141],"0.37-0.68])":[142],"AIR":[144,176],"(0.51":[145],"[0.40-0.65])":[146],"independent":[148],"even":[153],"after":[154],"adjustment":[155],"for":[156],"age,":[157,188],"sex,":[158,189],"ethnicity,":[159,190],"center,":[160],"IGT,":[161],"BMI.":[167],"The":[168,231],"relation":[172],"to":[177,213],"was":[180],"significantly":[182],"affected":[183],"by":[184],"potential":[185],"interactions":[186],"BMI,":[193],"or":[194,201],"(P":[199],">":[200],"=":[202],"0.15).":[203],"CONCLUSIONS:":[204],"predict":[211],"conversion":[212],"prevention":[232],"should":[237],"focus":[238],"on":[239],"interventions":[240],"that":[241],"improve":[242],"both":[243],"secretion.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}