{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124598166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687700200104","title":"Perspectives in Criminology and Criminal Justice: The Implications for Higher Education Programs","display_name":"Perspectives in Criminology and Criminal Justice: The Implications for Higher Education Programs","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124598166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687700200104","mag":"2124598166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/073401687700200104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687700200104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687700200104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194715373","display_name":"Criminal Justice Review","issn_l":"0734-0168","issn":["0734-0168","1556-3839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminal Justice Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073535098","display_name":"Don C. Gibbons","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don C. Gibbons","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024275706","display_name":"Gerald F. Blake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126345244","display_name":"Portland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yn2fy02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald F. Blake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sociology and Urban Studies, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sociology and Urban Studies, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126345244"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.7001,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99122074,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13728","display_name":"Crime, Deviance, and Social Control","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-education","display_name":"criminal justice education","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radical-criminology","display_name":"radical criminology","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-criminology","display_name":"critical criminology","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marxist-criminology","display_name":"Marxist criminology","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy-of-crime","display_name":"political economy of crime","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-criminology","display_name":"applied criminology","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-programs","display_name":"higher education programs","score":0.45399999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.7038699984550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.6428439617156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.6372386813163757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6361253261566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5287142395973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.47963792085647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133437341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639471","display_name":"Marxist philosophy","level":3,"score":0.4761005640029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.45970022678375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776351498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434188","display_name":"Sustenance","level":2,"score":0.44739240407943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.36432868242263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3151072859764099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2753545939922333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/073401687700200104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687700200104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687700200104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194715373","display_name":"Criminal Justice Review","issn_l":"0734-0168","issn":["0734-0168","1556-3839"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Criminal Justice Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62228781","https://openalex.org/W155122207","https://openalex.org/W622614219","https://openalex.org/W649433135","https://openalex.org/W1949486365","https://openalex.org/W1967945007","https://openalex.org/W1968260755","https://openalex.org/W1972654699","https://openalex.org/W1975796927","https://openalex.org/W1979103688","https://openalex.org/W1979844905","https://openalex.org/W1984071686","https://openalex.org/W1984335261","https://openalex.org/W1990869554","https://openalex.org/W1991108280","https://openalex.org/W2000147484","https://openalex.org/W2019163262","https://openalex.org/W2032253930","https://openalex.org/W2037279877","https://openalex.org/W2044929152","https://openalex.org/W2045995687","https://openalex.org/W2054188236","https://openalex.org/W2079348248","https://openalex.org/W2081893749","https://openalex.org/W2096762559","https://openalex.org/W2104400005","https://openalex.org/W2119039997","https://openalex.org/W2181550128","https://openalex.org/W2207770433","https://openalex.org/W2314442931","https://openalex.org/W2318298241","https://openalex.org/W2319596250","https://openalex.org/W2325393509","https://openalex.org/W2327395866","https://openalex.org/W2331679778","https://openalex.org/W2341532649","https://openalex.org/W2396082328","https://openalex.org/W2509353964","https://openalex.org/W2516079493","https://openalex.org/W2768556579","https://openalex.org/W2795690649","https://openalex.org/W2795844506","https://openalex.org/W2797438277","https://openalex.org/W2943064110","https://openalex.org/W2992158480","https://openalex.org/W3164549185","https://openalex.org/W4213449113","https://openalex.org/W4232109946","https://openalex.org/W4240992490","https://openalex.org/W4244578100","https://openalex.org/W4251653638","https://openalex.org/W4254056002","https://openalex.org/W4254488014","https://openalex.org/W4299580412","https://openalex.org/W4301011800","https://openalex.org/W4301777250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967916620","https://openalex.org/W4244323576","https://openalex.org/W2122453870","https://openalex.org/W2317832101","https://openalex.org/W2138941802","https://openalex.org/W2900769577","https://openalex.org/W649165207","https://openalex.org/W2484508474","https://openalex.org/W2093410162","https://openalex.org/W3022369742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,59,103],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,58,102,117],"recent":[4],"emergence":[5],"of":[6,13,18,96,116],"\"Criminal":[7],"Justice\"":[8],"as":[9,26,37],"a":[10,92],"multidisciplinary":[11],"field":[12,40],"study":[14],"which":[15,41],"draws":[16,81],"much":[17],"its":[19],"intellectual":[20],"sustenance":[21],"from":[22],"such":[23],"established":[24],"disciplines":[25],"sociology-criminology,":[27],"economics,":[28],"political":[29],"science,":[30],"and":[31,46,51,73],"history.":[32],"Criminal":[33],"Justice":[34],"is":[35,55,100],"characterized":[36],"an":[38],"applied":[39],"stresses":[42],"administrative":[43],"skills,":[44],"policy":[45],"planning":[47],"analysis,":[48],"program":[49],"evaluation,":[50],"kindred":[52],"topics.":[53],"Emphasis":[54],"placed":[56],"in":[57,68,124],"on":[60,64],"major":[61],"competing":[62],"perspectives":[63],"criminality":[65],"now":[66],"existing":[67,97],"criminology,":[69],"namely,":[70],"conservative,":[71],"liberal-cynical,":[72],"radical":[74,87,98,125],"or":[75,88],"Marxist":[76],"viewpoints.":[77],"The":[78],"essay":[79],"also":[80],"attention":[82],"to":[83,112,114],"theoretical":[84],"variations":[85],"within":[86],"critical":[89],"criminology.":[90],"Although":[91],"relatively":[93],"harsh":[94],"critique":[95],"thoughtways":[99],"offered,":[101],"concludes":[104],"by":[105],"arguing":[106],"that":[107,120],"criminological":[108],"analysis":[109],"must":[110],"begin":[111],"respond":[113],"some":[115],"political-economic":[118],"trends":[119],"are":[121],"hinted":[122],"at":[123],"theorizing.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}