{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124014786","doi":null,"title":"Improving Access to Jobs and Earnings Opportunities The Role of Activation and Graduation Policies in Developing Countries","display_name":"Improving Access to Jobs and Earnings Opportunities The Role of Activation and Graduation Policies in Developing Countries","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124014786","mag":"2124014786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:67610","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000356161_20120322015722/Rendered/PDF/676100NWP012040Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000356161_20120322015722/Rendered/PDF/676100NWP012040Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107538008","display_name":"Rita Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-9903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-9903"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-9903","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035310217","display_name":"Juliana Arbelaez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Arbelaez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078002102","display_name":"Maddalena Honorati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maddalena Honorati","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065948319","display_name":"Arvo Kuddo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvo Kuddo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026634014","display_name":"Tanja Lohmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Lohmann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026014584","display_name":"Mirey Ovadiya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirey Ovadiya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084524097","display_name":"Lucian Bucur Pop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8002-0577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8002-0577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucian Pop","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8002-0577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074863269","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Laura S\u00e1nchez Puerta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Laura S\u00e1nchez Puerta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103052159","display_name":"Michael Weber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-164X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-164X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Weber","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.5601000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.5601000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.10570000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.10100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-policy","display_name":"activation policy","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduation-policy","display_name":"graduation policy","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-labor-market-programs","display_name":"active labor market programs","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-support-programs","display_name":"employment support programs","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive-compatibility","display_name":"incentive compatibility","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-employment","display_name":"access to employment","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-income-countries","display_name":"middle-income countries","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-countries","display_name":"low-income countries","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-framework","display_name":"policy framework","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632744","display_name":"Graduation (instrument)","level":2,"score":0.703093945980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.6406503319740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.6391593217849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26993612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910154","display_name":"Panacea (medicine)","level":3,"score":0.555645763874054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.541186511516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5210430026054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4439224600791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4349893033504486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3901084363460541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3778746724128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.36889445781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.15332230925559998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:67610","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000356161_20120322015722/Rendered/PDF/676100NWP012040Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000356161_20120322015722/Rendered/PDF/676100NWP012040Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2124014786","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/10986/13549/1/676100NWP012040Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3122444633","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/hdnspu/67610.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306530285","display_name":"Social Protection and Labor Policy and Technical Notes","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Protection and Labor Policy and Technical Notes","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11870013","https://openalex.org/W32167503","https://openalex.org/W121108723","https://openalex.org/W151281304","https://openalex.org/W240206079","https://openalex.org/W402038265","https://openalex.org/W569500510","https://openalex.org/W1480891186","https://openalex.org/W1486245730","https://openalex.org/W1493924089","https://openalex.org/W1500055358","https://openalex.org/W1518281674","https://openalex.org/W1520618467","https://openalex.org/W1522678754","https://openalex.org/W1536371295","https://openalex.org/W1551564694","https://openalex.org/W1554963217","https://openalex.org/W1562032126","https://openalex.org/W1575257012","https://openalex.org/W1584478338","https://openalex.org/W1600636886","https://openalex.org/W1764033952","https://openalex.org/W1769040438","https://openalex.org/W1796406438","https://openalex.org/W1797647078","https://openalex.org/W1827167646","https://openalex.org/W1839751642","https://openalex.org/W1915862866","https://openalex.org/W1939337945","https://openalex.org/W1944526221","https://openalex.org/W1967165016","https://openalex.org/W1975402671","https://openalex.org/W2023034331","https://openalex.org/W2030026821","https://openalex.org/W2066689620","https://openalex.org/W2071459499","https://openalex.org/W2080573397","https://openalex.org/W2092018772","https://openalex.org/W2094197122","https://openalex.org/W2099343102","https://openalex.org/W2102957274","https://openalex.org/W2107885031","https://openalex.org/W2111583974","https://openalex.org/W2112993134","https://openalex.org/W2115539685","https://openalex.org/W2118366203","https://openalex.org/W2129496980","https://openalex.org/W2130044643","https://openalex.org/W2130972305","https://openalex.org/W2138836438","https://openalex.org/W2143884102","https://openalex.org/W2144204152","https://openalex.org/W2150829746","https://openalex.org/W2151551987","https://openalex.org/W2154351737","https://openalex.org/W2156521766","https://openalex.org/W2171066632","https://openalex.org/W2237719900","https://openalex.org/W2251625943","https://openalex.org/W2291795998","https://openalex.org/W2292386293","https://openalex.org/W2500723268","https://openalex.org/W2891249980","https://openalex.org/W3025040553","https://openalex.org/W3121922071","https://openalex.org/W3122048001","https://openalex.org/W3122077518","https://openalex.org/W3122344999","https://openalex.org/W3123118817","https://openalex.org/W3123128594","https://openalex.org/W3125012219","https://openalex.org/W3125212155","https://openalex.org/W3125308700","https://openalex.org/W3143048730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232767268","https://openalex.org/W3101714163","https://openalex.org/W2159743974","https://openalex.org/W7099750940","https://openalex.org/W1688845629","https://openalex.org/W2151410144","https://openalex.org/W6923518336","https://openalex.org/W2228549691","https://openalex.org/W3123237686","https://openalex.org/W4249396404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Throughout":[0],"the":[1,12,20,43,53,74,84,155,171],"developing":[2],"world":[3],"there":[4],"is":[5,50,60,152,167],"a":[6,48,61,69,140],"growing":[7],"demand":[8],"for":[9,78,177],"advice":[10],"on":[11,154],"design":[13],"of":[14,19,55,58,86,89,146],"policies":[15,38],"to":[16,24,41,100,124,142,157,169],"facilitate":[17],"access":[18],"most":[21,75],"vulnerable":[22],"individuals":[23,123],"jobs,":[25],"while":[26],"reducing":[27],"their":[28],"dependency":[29],"from":[30,138],"public":[31],"income":[32,90,110,132],"support":[33,91,95],"schemes.":[34],"Even":[35],"though":[36],"these":[37,134],"are":[39,98,136],"common":[40,76],"both":[42],"activation":[44,112],"and":[45,93,113,126,159,174,180],"graduation":[46,54,158],"agendas,":[47],"separation":[49],"needed":[51,168],"as":[52],"beneficiaries":[56,144],"out":[57,145],"poverty":[59],"much":[62],"more":[63],"ambitious":[64],"agenda.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67,104],"proposes":[68],"simple":[70],"policy":[71],"framework":[72],"highlighting":[73],"barriers":[77],"productive":[79],"employment.":[80],"It":[81],"also":[82],"reviews":[83],"topic":[85],"incentive":[87],"compatibility":[88],"schemes":[92],"employment":[94],"programs":[96,117,135],"that":[97],"used":[99],"address":[101],"them.":[102],"The":[103],"finds":[105],"that,":[106],"especially":[107],"in":[108],"middle":[109],"countries,":[111,133],"active":[114],"labor":[115],"market":[116],"play":[118],"an":[119],"important":[120],"role":[121],"connecting":[122],"jobs":[125],"improving":[127],"earnings":[128],"opportunities.":[129],"In":[130],"low":[131],"far":[137],"being":[139],"panacea":[141],"graduate":[143],"poverty.":[147],"Furthermore,":[148],"only":[149],"scant":[150],"evidence":[151,172],"available":[153],"pathways":[156],"significant":[160],"knowledge":[161],"gaps":[162],"remain.":[163],"More":[164],"cross-disciplinary":[165],"research":[166],"strengthen":[170],"base":[173],"develop":[175],"recommendations":[176],"different":[178],"contexts":[179],"capacity":[181],"levels.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}