{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2123761774","doi":null,"title":"An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning","display_name":"An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2123761774","mag":"2123761774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2123761774","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00787489","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"book","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044164728","display_name":"Anne von der Lieth Gardner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anne von der Lieth Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044164728"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":52.5474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":391,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-reasoning","display_name":"legal reasoning","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-law","display_name":"philosophy of law","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hard-cases","display_name":"hard cases","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-distinctions","display_name":"legal distinctions","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-formation","display_name":"contract formation","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offer-and-acceptance","display_name":"offer and acceptance","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-argumentation","display_name":"legal argumentation","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-writing","display_name":"legal writing","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5644246339797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5023658275604248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.480145663022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4648159444332123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4551229178905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43442100286483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.42485329508781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.27623897790908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16135647892951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10621994733810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09655910730361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2123761774","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA00787489","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7217000786","https://openalex.org/W44265134","https://openalex.org/W135169145","https://openalex.org/W6989546737","https://openalex.org/W2794878232","https://openalex.org/W7096694359","https://openalex.org/W2152325153","https://openalex.org/W7155003544","https://openalex.org/W1997838689","https://openalex.org/W1998756099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0,213],"artificial":[1,26,112],"intelligence,":[2,113],"understanding":[3],"the":[4,115,136,141,147,160,163,201,211,215,219,227,255],"forms":[5],"of":[6,23,102,105,135,143,149,159,221,229,243,261],"human":[7,54],"reasoning":[8,14,151],"is":[9,15,47,152,162,217],"a":[10,16,20,31,63,120,197,240,259],"central":[11],"goal.":[12],"Legal":[13],"form":[17],"that":[18,34,53,93,263],"makes":[19],"new":[21],"set":[22],"demands":[24],"on":[25,140,210,239],"intelligence":[27,270],"methods.":[28],"Most":[29],"importantly,":[30],"computer":[32],"program":[33,64,198,208,216,236],"reasons":[35],"about":[36],"legal":[37,67,76,116,124,150,164,173,272],"problems":[38,68,225,245],"must":[39],"be":[40,70,86,131,249],"able":[41,71,87],"to":[42,49,72,88,100,248,251],"distinguish":[43],"between":[44,166],"questions":[45,52],"it":[46,84,185],"competent":[48],"answer":[50],"and":[51,78,83,98,169,233,246,271],"lawyers":[55],"could":[56],"seriously":[57],"argue":[58],"either":[59],"way.":[60],"In":[61,172],"addition,":[62],"for":[65,123,180,267],"analyzing":[66,222],"should":[69,85],"use":[73],"both":[74,268],"general":[75],"rules":[77],"decisions":[79],"in":[80,111,145],"past":[81],"cases;":[82],"work":[89],"with":[90],"technical":[91],"concepts":[92],"are":[94,193],"only":[95],"partly":[96],"defined":[97],"subject":[99],"shifts":[101],"meaning.":[103],"Each":[104],"these":[106],"requirements":[107,129],"has":[108,177,186],"wider":[109],"applications":[110],"beyond":[114],"domain.\r\nThis":[117],"dissertation":[118,203],"presents":[119],"computational":[121],"framework":[122,137,161],"reasoning,":[125],"within":[126],"which":[127,146,196],"such":[128,244],"can":[130],"accommodated.":[132],"The":[133,235],"development":[134],"draws":[138],"significantly":[139],"philosophy":[142],"law,":[144],"elucidation":[148],"an":[153,206],"important":[154],"topic.":[155],"A":[156],"key":[157],"element":[158],"distinction":[165,176],"hard":[167],"cases":[168],"clear":[170],"cases.":[171],"writing,":[174],"this":[175],"been":[178,187],"taken":[179],"granted":[181],"more":[182],"often":[183],"than":[184],"explored.":[188],"Here,":[189],"some":[190],"initial":[191],"heuristics":[192],"proposed":[194],"by":[195,231],"might":[199],"make":[200],"distinction.\r\nThe":[202],"also":[204],"describes":[205],"implemented":[207],"based":[209],"framework.":[212],"definiteness,":[214],"given":[218],"task":[220],"law":[223],"examination":[224],"concerning":[226],"formation":[228],"contracts":[230],"offer":[232],"acceptance.":[234],"performs":[237],"adequately":[238],"narrow":[241],"class":[242],"appears":[247],"extensible":[250],"other":[252],"areas.":[253],"Thus,":[254],"research":[256],"opens":[257],"up":[258],"line":[260],"investigation":[262],"may":[264],"prove":[265],"fruitful":[266],"artifical":[269],"philosophy.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}