{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2123195937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4127709","title":"IBM's Early Adaptation to Cold War Markets: Cuthbert Hurd and His Applied Science Field Men","display_name":"IBM's Early Adaptation to Cold War Markets: Cuthbert Hurd and His Applied Science Field Men","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2123195937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4127709","mag":"2123195937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/4127709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4127709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4127709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88020226","display_name":"The Business History Review","issn_l":"0007-6805","issn":["0007-6805","2044-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Business History Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003276006","display_name":"Atsushi Akera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5349-0523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5349-0523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atsushi Akera","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATSUSHI AKERA is assistant professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATSUSHI AKERA is assistant professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003276006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35242883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"76","issue":"4","first_page":"767","last_page":"802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12445","display_name":"Twentieth Century Scientific Developments","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12445","display_name":"Twentieth Century Scientific Developments","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.04580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.03240000084042549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war-economy","display_name":"Cold War economy","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-government-relations","display_name":"state-business relations","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-industry-relations","display_name":"science-industry relations","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-research","display_name":"military research","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-culture","display_name":"scientific culture","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-strategy","display_name":"business strategy","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-development","display_name":"product development","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sales-strategy","display_name":"sales strategy","score":0.8519999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.9653934240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037","display_name":"Corporation","level":2,"score":0.7945576906204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6176117062568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.5473092794418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986359222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683","display_name":"Cold war","level":3,"score":0.526036262512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5201902389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.45592477917671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44139364361763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38908037543296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3277614116668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2458164393901825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17408806085586548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1260780692100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/4127709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4127709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4127709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88020226","display_name":"The Business History Review","issn_l":"0007-6805","issn":["0007-6805","2044-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Business History Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:buhirw:v:76:y:2002:i:04:p:767-802_07","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007680500078041/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110171476","https://openalex.org/W158292047","https://openalex.org/W411822949","https://openalex.org/W642993730","https://openalex.org/W643306716","https://openalex.org/W655737033","https://openalex.org/W908332721","https://openalex.org/W1545596047","https://openalex.org/W1546692450","https://openalex.org/W1554137348","https://openalex.org/W1593783141","https://openalex.org/W1972085662","https://openalex.org/W1973782259","https://openalex.org/W1975661095","https://openalex.org/W1977344091","https://openalex.org/W1979541090","https://openalex.org/W1983881704","https://openalex.org/W1996852452","https://openalex.org/W1997116991","https://openalex.org/W2001476314","https://openalex.org/W2005136235","https://openalex.org/W2017580237","https://openalex.org/W2020440142","https://openalex.org/W2022468949","https://openalex.org/W2028959657","https://openalex.org/W2030404826","https://openalex.org/W2032377944","https://openalex.org/W2051442491","https://openalex.org/W2054129954","https://openalex.org/W2060353382","https://openalex.org/W2072651020","https://openalex.org/W2084575249","https://openalex.org/W2084911040","https://openalex.org/W2087493775","https://openalex.org/W2103484761","https://openalex.org/W2117775033","https://openalex.org/W2118243939","https://openalex.org/W2126186908","https://openalex.org/W2140682373","https://openalex.org/W2168351702","https://openalex.org/W2317758263","https://openalex.org/W2317899261","https://openalex.org/W2321091240","https://openalex.org/W2322764549","https://openalex.org/W2327867478","https://openalex.org/W2330103991","https://openalex.org/W2331941927","https://openalex.org/W2334958483","https://openalex.org/W2799369859","https://openalex.org/W2912588749","https://openalex.org/W4210537211","https://openalex.org/W4232710988","https://openalex.org/W4240991674","https://openalex.org/W4250507155","https://openalex.org/W4253075065","https://openalex.org/W4299373599","https://openalex.org/W4299869460","https://openalex.org/W4300336891","https://openalex.org/W4300852078","https://openalex.org/W4302368291","https://openalex.org/W4388218354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969239700","https://openalex.org/W4250024047","https://openalex.org/W2993402594","https://openalex.org/W1587466254","https://openalex.org/W2980813201","https://openalex.org/W2526413458","https://openalex.org/W3089005237","https://openalex.org/W2492525172","https://openalex.org/W2336192431","https://openalex.org/W4293089708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"International":[1],"Business":[2],"Machines":[3],"Corporation":[4],"adapted":[5],"early":[6],"on":[7],"to":[8,26,75,96,99],"the":[9,13,18,27,33,42,67,73,105],"opportunities":[10],"created":[11,83],"by":[12,36,84],"cold":[14],"war":[15],"economy":[16],"in":[17,60,115],"United":[19],"States.":[20],"This":[21],"account":[22],"of":[23,29,69,107],"IBM's":[24,62,97],"adjustment":[25],"circumstances":[28],"that":[30,80,117],"time":[31],"unveils":[32],"detailed":[34],"process":[35],"which":[37],"a":[38],"firm":[39],"situated":[40],"outside":[41],"traditional":[43,109],"defense":[44,88],"industries":[45],"forged":[46],"new":[47,77],"institutional":[48],"allegiances":[49],"between":[50,55],"business":[51],"and":[52,54,57,87,111],"government":[53],"science":[56],"industry.":[58],"Beginning":[59],"1949,":[61],"Applied":[63],"Science":[64],"Department,":[65],"under":[66],"leadership":[68],"Cuthbert":[70],"Hurd,":[71],"enabled":[72],"company":[74],"enter":[76],"technical":[78],"markets":[79],"had":[81],"been":[82],"federal":[85],"research":[86],"expenditures.":[89],"But":[90],"there":[91],"were":[92,118],"also":[93],"broader":[94],"consequences":[95],"decision":[98],"embrace":[100],"scientific":[101],"culture,":[102],"among":[103],"them":[104],"transformation":[106],"its":[108],"sales":[110],"product":[112],"development":[113],"strategies":[114],"ways":[116],"not":[119],"indisputably":[120],"functional.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
