{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122625733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","title":"THE DIVERSITY\u2013VALIDITY DILEMMA: BEYOND SELECTION\u2014THE ROLE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION","display_name":"THE DIVERSITY\u2013VALIDITY DILEMMA: BEYOND SELECTION\u2014THE ROLE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122625733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","mag":"2122625733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84664706","display_name":"Personnel Psychology","issn_l":"0031-5826","issn":["0031-5826","1744-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005325883","display_name":"David A. Kravitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7317-9502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7317-9502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"DAVID A. KRAVITZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005325883"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.4039,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99267339,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"1","first_page":"173","last_page":"193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.382099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.382099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.11540000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affirmative-action","display_name":"affirmative action","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personnel-selection","display_name":"personnel selection","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-impact","display_name":"adverse impact","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-discrimination","display_name":"employment discrimination","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underrepresented-groups","display_name":"underrepresented groups","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigmatization","display_name":"stigmatization","score":0.7770000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777732099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214244","display_name":"Affirmative action","level":2,"score":0.9795504808425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.7898738384246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.7729150056838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.7370467185974121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776491508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752294","display_name":"Reverse discrimination","level":3,"score":0.6098654866218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.5660839080810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5643580555915833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5261054635047913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.521900475025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5096268653869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.4718508720397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4174236059188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27858424186706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.21838828921318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10405418276786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10381707549095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0736171305179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00110.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84664706","display_name":"Personnel Psychology","issn_l":"0031-5826","issn":["0031-5826","1744-6570"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Personnel Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189443291","https://openalex.org/W192439470","https://openalex.org/W199711878","https://openalex.org/W589993612","https://openalex.org/W611975616","https://openalex.org/W635504449","https://openalex.org/W1525470810","https://openalex.org/W1537439471","https://openalex.org/W1556917488","https://openalex.org/W1599956907","https://openalex.org/W1603081525","https://openalex.org/W1972831452","https://openalex.org/W1974546610","https://openalex.org/W1977124759","https://openalex.org/W1981732021","https://openalex.org/W1990150066","https://openalex.org/W1991095617","https://openalex.org/W1991168201","https://openalex.org/W1991813310","https://openalex.org/W1997972098","https://openalex.org/W1998256324","https://openalex.org/W2001278366","https://openalex.org/W2010898003","https://openalex.org/W2011022239","https://openalex.org/W2011037811","https://openalex.org/W2013137835","https://openalex.org/W2014715961","https://openalex.org/W2023526028","https://openalex.org/W2023718984","https://openalex.org/W2033339972","https://openalex.org/W2035939766","https://openalex.org/W2052293879","https://openalex.org/W2060868644","https://openalex.org/W2067554731","https://openalex.org/W2068122350","https://openalex.org/W2085136975","https://openalex.org/W2086791254","https://openalex.org/W2088051775","https://openalex.org/W2089016366","https://openalex.org/W2107368065","https://openalex.org/W2115254221","https://openalex.org/W2116571154","https://openalex.org/W2116879620","https://openalex.org/W2117435589","https://openalex.org/W2130354913","https://openalex.org/W2139736795","https://openalex.org/W2143645464","https://openalex.org/W2143687205","https://openalex.org/W2146362431","https://openalex.org/W2150992938","https://openalex.org/W2154023480","https://openalex.org/W2155399036","https://openalex.org/W2157886895","https://openalex.org/W2162756652","https://openalex.org/W2168805252","https://openalex.org/W2493279337","https://openalex.org/W2493764762","https://openalex.org/W2523660657","https://openalex.org/W2784370037","https://openalex.org/W2793626107","https://openalex.org/W2796888629","https://openalex.org/W2889825183","https://openalex.org/W2964675004","https://openalex.org/W2985462645","https://openalex.org/W3121853310","https://openalex.org/W3122704454","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3123700179","https://openalex.org/W3125359726","https://openalex.org/W4236373558","https://openalex.org/W4293092812","https://openalex.org/W4299884818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117435589","https://openalex.org/W1999110815","https://openalex.org/W2146362431","https://openalex.org/W2731736884","https://openalex.org/W2158854048","https://openalex.org/W4238997228","https://openalex.org/W2019450046","https://openalex.org/W2020504618","https://openalex.org/W827417532","https://openalex.org/W2061573674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"of":[1,38,57,76,80,86,98,104,110,120,160],"the":[2,58,65,77,87,101,107,154],"most":[3],"valid":[4],"predictors":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,54,141,147,152],"make":[8],"employment":[9],"decisions":[10],"create":[11],"a":[12,36,72,84],"diversity\u2013validity":[13,25],"dilemma":[14,26],"(":[15,41],"Pyburn,":[16],"Ployhart,":[17],"&":[18,43],"Kravitz,":[19],"this":[20,45],"issue,":[21,46],"2008":[22,47],").":[23],"This":[24,61,93],"can":[27],"be":[28],"resolved":[29],"by":[30,124,127],"(a)":[31],"reducing":[32],"adverse":[33],"impact":[34,109],"through":[35],"variety":[37],"technical":[39],"steps":[40],"Ployhart":[42],"Holtz,":[44],")":[48],"or":[49,139],"(b)":[50],"using":[51],"affirmative":[52,81,90,111,135,148],"action":[53,82,91,112,136,149],"increase":[55,153],"representation":[56],"disadvantaged":[59],"groups.":[60],"paper":[62,69],"focuses":[63],"on":[64,89,100,113],"second":[66],"approach.":[67],"The":[68],"begins":[70],"with":[71,96,134],"very":[73],"brief":[74],"review":[75],"legal":[78],"bases":[79],"and":[83,116,118,126,158],"summary":[85],"research":[88,99],"attitudes.":[92],"is":[94],"followed":[95],"reviews":[97],"ongoing":[102],"existence":[103],"workplace":[105],"discrimination,":[106],"economic":[108],"target":[114,121,128],"groups":[115],"organizations,":[117],"stigmatization":[119],"group":[122,129,162],"members":[123,130],"others":[125],"themselves.":[131],"Most":[132],"problems":[133],"apply":[137],"only":[138],"primarily":[140],"preference\u2010based":[142],"forms,":[143],"so":[144],"nonpreferential":[145],"approaches":[146],"are":[150],"recommended":[151],"attraction,":[155],"selection,":[156],"inclusion,":[157],"retention":[159],"underrepresented":[161],"members.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}