{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122425317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500426236","title":"Do CO2emission levels converge among 21 OECD countries? New evidence from unit root structural break tests","display_name":"Do CO2emission levels converge among 21 OECD countries? New evidence from unit root structural break tests","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122425317","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500426236","mag":"2122425317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13504850500426236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500426236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500426236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96544531","display_name":"Applied Economics Letters","issn_l":"1350-4851","issn":["1350-4851","1466-4291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Economics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048052041","display_name":"Chien\u2010Chiang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-4347","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-4347"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Chiang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Economics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Economics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053491075","display_name":"Chun\u2010Ping Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-4551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-4551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14140830","display_name":"Shih Chien University","ror":"https://ror.org/01c3hyk82","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14140830"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Ping Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Shih Chien University, Kaohsiung Campus, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Shih Chien University, Kaohsiung Campus, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14140830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061232078","display_name":"Pei\u2010Fen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6472-9579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6472-9579"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365169","display_name":"National Chi Nan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha6v181","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Fen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Business Studies, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","Dept. of International Business Studies, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Business Studies, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of International Business Studies, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048052041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93990578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"551","last_page":"556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stationarity","display_name":"stationarity","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-root-tests","display_name":"unit root tests","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-breaks","display_name":"structural breaks","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-convergence","display_name":"stochastic convergence","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-emissions","display_name":"per capita emissions","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oecd-countries","display_name":"OECD countries","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-emission-policy","display_name":"carbon emission policy","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195561663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307899","display_name":"Unit root","level":2,"score":0.8768393397331238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186008389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625010","display_name":"Structural break","level":2,"score":0.70456862449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.703015923500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.607639729976654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5635196566581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144341231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7887151","display_name":"Unit root test","level":3,"score":0.5449605584144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5391265749931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4473763704299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135205223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367137","display_name":"Mean reversion","level":2,"score":0.44329091906547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.4253012537956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35975944995880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145162277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751675","display_name":"Cointegration","level":2,"score":0.34015268087387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2662084102630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1292664110660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13504850500426236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500426236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500426236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96544531","display_name":"Applied Economics Letters","issn_l":"1350-4851","issn":["1350-4851","1466-4291"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Economics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579265962","https://openalex.org/W1626937812","https://openalex.org/W1799105982","https://openalex.org/W1967092698","https://openalex.org/W1975994995","https://openalex.org/W1999646074","https://openalex.org/W2004975329","https://openalex.org/W2029162127","https://openalex.org/W2038532793","https://openalex.org/W2056539284","https://openalex.org/W2057656092","https://openalex.org/W2059123959","https://openalex.org/W2061677737","https://openalex.org/W2061932720","https://openalex.org/W2065747393","https://openalex.org/W2066082545","https://openalex.org/W2089436992","https://openalex.org/W2096556645","https://openalex.org/W2097580026","https://openalex.org/W2101751762","https://openalex.org/W2116388354","https://openalex.org/W2128541582","https://openalex.org/W2130302159","https://openalex.org/W2142117488","https://openalex.org/W2149292156","https://openalex.org/W2167116520","https://openalex.org/W2169107902","https://openalex.org/W3122151903","https://openalex.org/W3123185352","https://openalex.org/W4230644069","https://openalex.org/W4240224771","https://openalex.org/W4293098276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123233480","https://openalex.org/W2089436992","https://openalex.org/W2966353815","https://openalex.org/W2983405473","https://openalex.org/W2040434996","https://openalex.org/W4281290755","https://openalex.org/W2498894736","https://openalex.org/W2043630425","https://openalex.org/W1553050848","https://openalex.org/W2564866744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,115],"empirically":[2],"re-investigated":[3],"whether":[4],"carbon":[5],"dioxide":[6],"(CO2)":[7],"emissions":[8,145],"series":[9],"were":[10,25,146,149],"stationary":[11,43,147],"in":[12,120,158],"21":[13],"OECD":[14],"countries":[15],"during":[16],"the":[17,38,74,85,90,127,134,168],"1960\u20132000":[18],"period.":[19],"A":[20],"suite":[21],"of":[22,46,58,76,99],"test":[23],"statistics":[24],"employed,":[26],"proposed":[27],"by":[28],"Sen":[29],"(2003":[30],"Sen,":[31],"A.":[32],"2003.":[33],"On":[34],"unit-root":[35],"tests":[36],"when":[37],"alternative":[39],"is":[40],"a":[41,65,71],"trend-break":[42],"process.":[44],"Journal":[45],"Business":[47],"and":[48,89,107,116,148,161],"Economics":[49],"Statistics,":[50],"21:":[51],"174\u201384.":[52],"[Taylor":[53],"&":[54],"Francis":[55],"Online],":[56],"[Web":[57,98],"Science":[59,100],"\u00ae]":[60,101],",":[61,102],"[Google":[62,103],"Scholar]),":[63],"with":[64,126],"model":[66],"that":[67,140],"simultaneously":[68],"allows":[69],"for":[70,123],"break":[72],"within":[73],"context":[75],"Perron's":[77],"(1989":[78],"Perron,":[79],"P.":[80],"1989.":[81],"The":[82,111],"great":[83],"crash,":[84],"oil":[86],"price":[87],"shock":[88],"unit":[91,131],"root":[92,132],"hypothesis.":[93],"Econometrica,":[94],"57:":[95],"1361\u2013401.":[96],"[Crossref],":[97],"Scholar])":[104],"mixed":[105],"intercept":[106],"slope":[108],"(Model":[109],"C).":[110],"distinction":[112],"between":[113],"this":[114],"previous":[117],"ones":[118],"lies":[119],"its":[121],"control":[122],"breaks.":[124],"Compared":[125],"results":[128],"from":[129,167],"traditional":[130],"tests,":[133],"empirical":[135],"findings":[136],"provide":[137],"further":[138],"evidence":[139],"relative":[141],"per":[142],"capita":[143],"CO2":[144],"stochastically":[150],"converging.":[151],"In":[152],"addition,":[153],"structural":[154],"breaks":[155],"are":[156],"identified":[157],"each":[159],"country,":[160],"some":[162],"important":[163],"policy":[164],"implications":[165],"emerge":[166],"results.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}