{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122397415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/258703","title":"Levels Issues in Theory Development, Data Collection, and Analysis","display_name":"Levels Issues in Theory Development, Data Collection, and Analysis","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122397415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/258703","mag":"2122397415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/258703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/258703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/258703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46763546","display_name":"Academy of Management Review","issn_l":"0363-7425","issn":["0363-7425","1930-3807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Academy of Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086514064","display_name":"Katherine J. Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-5753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-5753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine J. Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N#1University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#1University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056397039","display_name":"Fred Dansereau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Dansereau","raw_affiliation_strings":["2State University of New York, Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2State University of New York, Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037475552","display_name":"Rosalie J. Hall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2248-423X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2248-423X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110152177","display_name":"University of Akron","ror":"https://ror.org/02kyckx55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110152177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosalie J. Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["3University of Akron"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3University of Akron","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110152177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":36.5383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1607,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99939293,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"195","last_page":"195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12926","display_name":"Business Strategies and Management Research","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12926","display_name":"Business Strategies and Management Research","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11530","display_name":"Business and Management Studies","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levels-of-analysis","display_name":"levels of analysis","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-development","display_name":"theory development","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"data collection","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-analysis","display_name":"data analysis","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-analysis","display_name":"multilevel analysis","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.6183965802192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3681303858757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.3244118094444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.201678067445755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1804114580154419}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/258703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/258703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/258703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46763546","display_name":"Academy of Management Review","issn_l":"0363-7425","issn":["0363-7425","1930-3807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Academy of Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.5465/amr.1994.9410210745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1994.9410210745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1994.9410210745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46763546","display_name":"Academy of Management Review","issn_l":"0363-7425","issn":["0363-7425","1930-3807"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Management Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.485.9224","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.485.9224","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.management.wharton.upenn.edu/klein/documents/klein_dansereau_hall_1994.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57876367","https://openalex.org/W58137488","https://openalex.org/W62055964","https://openalex.org/W612243507","https://openalex.org/W628172195","https://openalex.org/W1714029004","https://openalex.org/W1753472752","https://openalex.org/W1967644295","https://openalex.org/W1970551484","https://openalex.org/W1971711030","https://openalex.org/W1979898091","https://openalex.org/W1986225750","https://openalex.org/W1986671318","https://openalex.org/W1987970622","https://openalex.org/W1990332331","https://openalex.org/W1993813011","https://openalex.org/W1994830960","https://openalex.org/W1996339572","https://openalex.org/W1998485680","https://openalex.org/W2006397719","https://openalex.org/W2011213974","https://openalex.org/W2011266879","https://openalex.org/W2013872160","https://openalex.org/W2020854338","https://openalex.org/W2022950201","https://openalex.org/W2024451743","https://openalex.org/W2027295237","https://openalex.org/W2044295466","https://openalex.org/W2048790630","https://openalex.org/W2049558354","https://openalex.org/W2058225917","https://openalex.org/W2059847013","https://openalex.org/W2060821779","https://openalex.org/W2063299125","https://openalex.org/W2064369384","https://openalex.org/W2067868909","https://openalex.org/W2068805170","https://openalex.org/W2069294908","https://openalex.org/W2070244317","https://openalex.org/W2070492916","https://openalex.org/W2079223756","https://openalex.org/W2079291567","https://openalex.org/W2080786613","https://openalex.org/W2081974066","https://openalex.org/W2082868982","https://openalex.org/W2084258624","https://openalex.org/W2088983290","https://openalex.org/W2094301432","https://openalex.org/W2105875202","https://openalex.org/W2115535018","https://openalex.org/W2116042838","https://openalex.org/W2116648691","https://openalex.org/W2119221519","https://openalex.org/W2139536040","https://openalex.org/W2145779856","https://openalex.org/W2153041355","https://openalex.org/W2162614344","https://openalex.org/W2163665808","https://openalex.org/W2163808700","https://openalex.org/W2166986725","https://openalex.org/W2168404475","https://openalex.org/W2169180991","https://openalex.org/W2312580135","https://openalex.org/W2320048475","https://openalex.org/W2321124006","https://openalex.org/W2322717852","https://openalex.org/W2327332664","https://openalex.org/W2328572069","https://openalex.org/W3022037462","https://openalex.org/W3141237911","https://openalex.org/W4239279289","https://openalex.org/W4239870817","https://openalex.org/W4246545448","https://openalex.org/W4248715917","https://openalex.org/W4251623583","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299601558","https://openalex.org/W4300192888","https://openalex.org/W4300536616"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127160513","https://openalex.org/W1553385849","https://openalex.org/W3217421877","https://openalex.org/W2026618272","https://openalex.org/W52613290","https://openalex.org/W2355614274","https://openalex.org/W2955560568","https://openalex.org/W2002861187","https://openalex.org/W1806807086","https://openalex.org/W4406000714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"De":[0]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":98}],"updated_date":"2026-10-26T11:51:55.731654","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
