{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121421904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","title":"Gene Therapy for Cancer: What Have We Done and Where Are We Going?","display_name":"Gene Therapy for Cancer: What Have We Done and Where Are We Going?","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121421904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","mag":"2121421904","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8978404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98010888","display_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","issn_l":"0027-8874","issn":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027152610","display_name":"Jack A. Roth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-1313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-1313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. A. Roth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111679967","display_name":"Richard J. Cristiano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. J. Cristiano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"],"apc_list":{"value":5436,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5436},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.4919,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":630,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10613","display_name":"Virus-based gene therapy research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10613","display_name":"Virus-based gene therapy research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-therapy","display_name":"gene therapy","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"cancer","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trials","display_name":"clinical trials","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-gene-transfer","display_name":"cytokine gene transfer","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prodrug-delivery","display_name":"prodrug delivery","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistance-genes","display_name":"drug resistance genes","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-marrow-protection","display_name":"bone marrow protection","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncogene-inactivation","display_name":"oncogene inactivation","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-suppressor-genes","display_name":"tumor suppressor","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-vectors","display_name":"viral vectors","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-viral-vectors","display_name":"non-viral vectors","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-toxicity","display_name":"vector toxicity","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunogenicity","display_name":"immunogenicity","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transduction-efficiency","display_name":"transduction efficiency","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-therapy","display_name":"combination therapy","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-cancer","display_name":"advanced cancer","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111599444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213901","display_name":"Genetic enhancement","level":3,"score":0.6151102185249329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.5859308838844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.5190451741218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32470452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298489","display_name":"Viral vector","level":4,"score":0.49670320749282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.4559441804885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.44354677200317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.43844282627105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.43028318881988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92087593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427389","display_name":"Vector (molecular biology)","level":4,"score":0.4262523353099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135983454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2790163","display_name":"Gene delivery","level":4,"score":0.4259589612483978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4068196415901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.26913684606552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12356758117675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.08272022008895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40767141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285697","display_name":"Recombinant DNA","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005822","descriptor_name":"Genetic Vectors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007167","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015316","descriptor_name":"Genetic Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016147","descriptor_name":"Genes, Tumor Suppressor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019008","descriptor_name":"Drug Resistance, Neoplasm","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.1.21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98010888","display_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","issn_l":"0027-8874","issn":["0027-8874","1460-2105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8978404","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8978404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1841373507","display_name":"TARGETED GENE DELIVERY FOR LUNG CANCER GENE THERAPY","funder_award_id":"R29CA066037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3039560214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA-45187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5678401779","display_name":"TRAINING OF ACADEMIC THORACIC SURGICAL ONCOLOGISTS","funder_award_id":"T32CA009611","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17081634","https://openalex.org/W39389044","https://openalex.org/W175540666","https://openalex.org/W255482572","https://openalex.org/W1481437079","https://openalex.org/W1488558875","https://openalex.org/W1504642746","https://openalex.org/W1505051486","https://openalex.org/W1532477433","https://openalex.org/W1534715980","https://openalex.org/W1543985182","https://openalex.org/W1546247763","https://openalex.org/W1571536966","https://openalex.org/W1576238436","https://openalex.org/W1579336954","https://openalex.org/W1584554048","https://openalex.org/W1595347306","https://openalex.org/W1608422746","https://openalex.org/W1610133400","https://openalex.org/W1826094137","https://openalex.org/W1844290320","https://openalex.org/W1924656799","https://openalex.org/W1954621826","https://openalex.org/W1964914116","https://openalex.org/W1965518509","https://openalex.org/W1968398506","https://openalex.org/W1968846632","https://openalex.org/W1968847695","https://openalex.org/W1970812755","https://openalex.org/W1971039527","https://openalex.org/W1971538947","https://openalex.org/W1973504318","https://openalex.org/W1973522434","https://openalex.org/W1973705988","https://openalex.org/W1976936729","https://openalex.org/W1977704762","https://openalex.org/W1979319210","https://openalex.org/W1980969709","https://openalex.org/W1981015157","https://openalex.org/W1985649167","https://openalex.org/W1986549497","https://openalex.org/W1989834582","https://openalex.org/W1990406980","https://openalex.org/W1990545247","https://openalex.org/W1990614617","https://openalex.org/W1990668606","https://openalex.org/W1993364978","https://openalex.org/W2002323372","https://openalex.org/W2006733381","https://openalex.org/W2008785883","https://openalex.org/W2015219383","https://openalex.org/W2015617337","https://openalex.org/W2016138321","https://openalex.org/W2016200465","https://openalex.org/W2016548729","https://openalex.org/W2019378981","https://openalex.org/W2019612944","https://openalex.org/W2022329296","https://openalex.org/W2022947685","https://openalex.org/W2024124596","https://openalex.org/W2027129264","https://openalex.org/W2028519890","https://openalex.org/W2032572088","https://openalex.org/W2032678451","https://openalex.org/W2040458308","https://openalex.org/W2041936685","https://openalex.org/W2042316019","https://openalex.org/W2042946852","https://openalex.org/W2047510029","https://openalex.org/W2049503438","https://openalex.org/W2050138695","https://openalex.org/W2053096589","https://openalex.org/W2053376515","https://openalex.org/W2056493766","https://openalex.org/W2056967020","https://openalex.org/W2057010527","https://openalex.org/W2057436316","https://openalex.org/W2059860932","https://openalex.org/W2060670401","https://openalex.org/W2061915915","https://openalex.org/W2062994475","https://openalex.org/W2063749513","https://openalex.org/W2066416111","https://openalex.org/W2067978135","https://openalex.org/W2070193560","https://openalex.org/W2070624258","https://openalex.org/W2073115064","https://openalex.org/W2075227748","https://openalex.org/W2076520913","https://openalex.org/W2078521670","https://openalex.org/W2079209506","https://openalex.org/W2081825650","https://openalex.org/W2086267112","https://openalex.org/W2089182314","https://openalex.org/W2089758388","https://openalex.org/W2090781939","https://openalex.org/W2090864647","https://openalex.org/W2091691801","https://openalex.org/W2092950196","https://openalex.org/W2094645034","https://openalex.org/W2094646089","https://openalex.org/W2095393589","https://openalex.org/W2100454617","https://openalex.org/W2102128719","https://openalex.org/W2104488113","https://openalex.org/W2105007068","https://openalex.org/W2108639934","https://openalex.org/W2120607327","https://openalex.org/W2120747276","https://openalex.org/W2130048828","https://openalex.org/W2130927397","https://openalex.org/W2133891200","https://openalex.org/W2134015728","https://openalex.org/W2137693314","https://openalex.org/W2139397808","https://openalex.org/W2139784464","https://openalex.org/W2140544523","https://openalex.org/W2142058281","https://openalex.org/W2151844294","https://openalex.org/W2158446937","https://openalex.org/W2160015737","https://openalex.org/W2163058108","https://openalex.org/W2168472148","https://openalex.org/W2338915393","https://openalex.org/W2399779435","https://openalex.org/W2400034939","https://openalex.org/W2404249470","https://openalex.org/W2409243771","https://openalex.org/W2411032233","https://openalex.org/W2415398766","https://openalex.org/W2415906075","https://openalex.org/W2416279138","https://openalex.org/W2419511400","https://openalex.org/W2422711059","https://openalex.org/W2425376529","https://openalex.org/W2429560899","https://openalex.org/W2436546739","https://openalex.org/W2437300897","https://openalex.org/W2464754689","https://openalex.org/W4245535518","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4221031679","https://openalex.org/W1966621887","https://openalex.org/W2462598662","https://openalex.org/W2012510498","https://openalex.org/W1098332629","https://openalex.org/W2414740843","https://openalex.org/W2096343148","https://openalex.org/W2042026190","https://openalex.org/W2416406004","https://openalex.org/W2403074389"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gene-based":[0],"therapies":[1],"for":[2,32,41,55,63,110,115],"cancer":[3,71,150],"in":[4,23,69,82],"clinical":[5,76],"trials":[6],"include":[7,19,118],"strategies":[8,18,62],"that":[9,93],"involve":[10],"augmentation":[11],"of":[12,38,49,75,131],"immunotherapeutic":[13],"and":[14,22,35,52,125,137,142,148],"chemotherapeutic":[15],"approaches.":[16],"These":[17],"ex":[20],"vivo":[21,24],"cytokine":[25],"gene":[26,53,140],"transfer,":[27],"drug":[28],"sensitization":[29],"with":[30,84,100],"genes":[31,40,58],"prodrug":[33],"delivery,":[34],"the":[36,61,65,70,128],"use":[37],"drug-resistance":[39],"bone":[42],"marrow":[43],"protection":[44],"from":[45],"high-dose":[46],"chemotherapy.":[47],"Inactivation":[48],"oncogene":[50],"expression":[51],"replacement":[54],"tumor":[56,98],"suppressor":[57],"are":[59],"among":[60],"targeting":[64,136],"underlying":[66],"genetic":[67],"lesions":[68],"cell.":[72],"A":[73],"review":[74],"trial":[77],"results":[78],"to":[79,89,122],"date,":[80],"primarily":[81],"patients":[83],"very":[85],"advanced":[86],"cancers":[87],"refractory":[88],"conventional":[90],"treatments,":[91],"indicates":[92],"these":[94],"treatments":[95],"can":[96],"mediate":[97],"regression":[99],"acceptably":[101],"low":[102],"toxicity.":[103],"Vector":[104],"development":[105],"remains":[106],"a":[107],"critical":[108],"area":[109],"future":[111,116],"research.":[112],"Important":[113],"areas":[114],"research":[117],"modifying":[119],"viral":[120],"vectors":[121],"reduce":[123],"toxicity":[124],"immunogenicity,":[126],"increasing":[127],"transduction":[129],"efficiency":[130],"nonviral":[132],"vectors,":[133],"enhancing":[134],"vector":[135],"specificity,":[138],"regulating":[139],"expression,":[141],"identifying":[143],"synergies":[144],"between":[145],"gene-based":[146],"agents":[147],"other":[149],"therapeutics.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
