{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120906003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","title":"Task difficulty in speaking tests","display_name":"Task difficulty in speaking tests","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120906003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","mag":"2120906003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10038439","display_name":"Language Testing","issn_l":"0265-5322","issn":["0265-5322","1477-0946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Testing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ltj.sagepub.com/content/20/3/321","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109211602","display_name":"Glenn Fulcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-1668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-1668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177639307","display_name":"University of Dundee","ror":"https://ror.org/03h2bxq36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Fulcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Dundee,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dundee,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177639307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004989805","display_name":"Rosina M\u00e1rquez Reiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-1813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-1813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosina M\u00e1rquez Reiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Surrey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97919309,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"321","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.01679999940097332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13538","display_name":"Linguistics and Language Analysis","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-difficulty","display_name":"task difficulty","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaking-test","display_name":"speaking test","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-speaking-assessment","display_name":"second language speaking assessment","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-definition","display_name":"construct definition","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-classification","display_name":"task classification","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.8842941522598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7516645193099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6899275779724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6549223065376282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5856610536575317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5845546722412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5618501901626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.526516318321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4985635280609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.4362350106239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.39069241285324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.11935368180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.1068936288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt259oa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10038439","display_name":"Language Testing","issn_l":"0265-5322","issn":["0265-5322","1477-0946"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Testing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.736.5473","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.736.5473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://languagetesting.info/articles/store/TaskDifficulty.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11138875680002346","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Task-difficulty-in-speaking-tests/99512459902346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"Open Research (University of Surrey)","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:817342","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/817342/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/1028","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ltj.sagepub.com/content/20/3/321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402365","display_name":"Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","host_organization_name":"University of Leicester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lra.le.ac.uk:2381/1028","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ltj.sagepub.com/content/20/3/321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402365","display_name":"Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","host_organization_name":"University of Leicester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30907281","https://openalex.org/W391592474","https://openalex.org/W578900520","https://openalex.org/W581277884","https://openalex.org/W624339498","https://openalex.org/W630197247","https://openalex.org/W631381935","https://openalex.org/W1509555773","https://openalex.org/W1512938120","https://openalex.org/W1963679057","https://openalex.org/W1966065389","https://openalex.org/W2001528051","https://openalex.org/W2002785775","https://openalex.org/W2003189031","https://openalex.org/W2036213814","https://openalex.org/W2037557484","https://openalex.org/W2051508702","https://openalex.org/W2057292945","https://openalex.org/W2059536733","https://openalex.org/W2061214349","https://openalex.org/W2062137446","https://openalex.org/W2063092555","https://openalex.org/W2067232983","https://openalex.org/W2071775050","https://openalex.org/W2076031649","https://openalex.org/W2077801920","https://openalex.org/W2082041366","https://openalex.org/W2082806354","https://openalex.org/W2090618774","https://openalex.org/W2097692659","https://openalex.org/W2102634733","https://openalex.org/W2104818169","https://openalex.org/W2106962656","https://openalex.org/W2123012719","https://openalex.org/W2123096747","https://openalex.org/W2129999062","https://openalex.org/W2130631175","https://openalex.org/W2144444035","https://openalex.org/W2153085981","https://openalex.org/W2162076143","https://openalex.org/W2168303754","https://openalex.org/W2320386680","https://openalex.org/W2332033581","https://openalex.org/W2735737295","https://openalex.org/W2758796302","https://openalex.org/W3102801172","https://openalex.org/W4238331571","https://openalex.org/W4246844306","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387740188","https://openalex.org/W2349885464","https://openalex.org/W2036213814","https://openalex.org/W2994887427","https://openalex.org/W2217826992","https://openalex.org/W2739283198","https://openalex.org/W2130660556","https://openalex.org/W366003375","https://openalex.org/W2187816862","https://openalex.org/W841458848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,119],"difficulty":[1,61,83],"of":[2,11,40,47,86,104,111,124,130],"speaking":[3,59,133],"tasks":[4],"has":[5,17],"only":[6],"recently":[7],"become":[8],"a":[9,105],"topic":[10],"investigation":[12],"in":[13,25,84,132],"language":[14,27,95],"testing.":[15],"This":[16,50],"been":[18],"prompted":[19],"by":[20],"work":[21],"on":[22,114],"discourse":[23,75],"variability":[24],"second":[26],"acquisition":[28],"(SLA)":[29],"research,":[30],"new":[31,78],"classificatory":[32],"systems":[33],"for":[34,121],"describing":[35],"tasks,":[36],"and":[37,62,93,101,127],"the":[38,45,64,87,102,109,122,128],"advent":[39],"statistical":[41],"techniques":[42],"that":[43,66],"enable":[44],"prediction":[46],"task":[48,60,72,82,91],"difficulty.":[49],"article":[51],"reviews":[52],"assumptions":[53],"underlying":[54],"approaches":[55],"to":[56,80,107],"research":[57],"into":[58],"questions":[63],"view":[65],"test":[67,115],"scores":[68,116],"always":[69],"vary":[70],"with":[71],"conditions":[73],"or":[74],"variation.":[76],"A":[77],"approach":[79],"defining":[81],"terms":[85],"interaction":[88],"between":[89],"pragmatic":[90],"features":[92],"first":[94],"(L1)":[96],"cultural":[97],"background":[98],"is":[99,135],"offered,":[100],"results":[103],"study":[106],"investigate":[108],"impact":[110],"these":[112],"variables":[113],"are":[117],"presented.":[118],"relevance":[120],"generalizability":[123],"score":[125],"meaning":[126],"definition":[129],"constructs":[131],"tests":[134],"discussed.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
