{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120290339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","title":"Major low levels of Lake Malawi and their implications for speciation rates in cichlid fishes","display_name":"Major low levels of Lake Malawi and their implications for speciation rates in cichlid fishes","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120290339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","mag":"2120290339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3006207977","display_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0080-4649","issn":["0080-4649","0962-8452","1471-2954","2053-9193"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056527653","display_name":"R. Bernhart Owen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-5366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-5366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157591606","display_name":"University of Malawi","ror":"https://ror.org/04vtx5s55","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157591606"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. B. Owen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Scholar  Find this author on PubMed","Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Box 280, Zomba, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Scholar  Find this author on PubMed","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Box 280, Zomba, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157591606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066062962","display_name":"Robert Crossley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405281671","display_name":"Robertson (UK)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q4t1369","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405281671","https://openalex.org/I4693666"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Crossley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robertson Research Int. Ltd., Llandudno LL3O 1SA, Gwynedd, U. K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robertson Research Int. Ltd., Llandudno LL3O 1SA, Gwynedd, U. K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405281671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005817697","display_name":"Thomas C. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4630-6788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4630-6788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. C. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U. S. A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, U. S. A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025946490","display_name":"Denis Tweddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-1593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1669-1593"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Tweddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fisheries, Box 27, Monkey Bay, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fisheries, Box 27, Monkey Bay, Malawi","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110304028","display_name":"Irving L. Kornfield","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7947594","display_name":"University of Maine","ror":"https://ror.org/01adr0w49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802397601","https://openalex.org/I7947594"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Kornfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zoology Department, University of Maine at Orono, Orono 04469, Maine, U. S. A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zoology Department, University of Maine at Orono, Orono 04469, Maine, U. S. A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7947594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030286085","display_name":"Shyla Davison","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132704","display_name":"British High Commission Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/03aqz1r62","country_code":"KE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132704"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Davison","raw_affiliation_strings":["c/o British High Commission (Training and Editorial Project), P. O. Box 30465, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c/o British High Commission (Training and Editorial Project), P. O. Box 30465, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044736795","display_name":"David H. Eccles","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. H. Eccles","raw_affiliation_strings":["8 Rothermore Street, Cumberland Park, South Australia 5041, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"8 Rothermore Street, Cumberland Park, South Australia 5041, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078904850","display_name":"D. E. Engstrom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. E. Engstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Limnological Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, U. S. A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Limnological Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, U. S. A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9928,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":228,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98925926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"240","issue":"1299","first_page":"519","last_page":"553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13490","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity","score":0.7904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13490","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity","score":0.7904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.03779999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12319","display_name":"Fish Biology and Ecology Studies","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-malawi","display_name":"Lake Malawi","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-level-fluctuations","display_name":"lake level fluctuations","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diatoms","display_name":"diatoms","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeolian-dunes","display_name":"aeolian dunes","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-history","display_name":"oral history","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beach-ridges","display_name":"beach ridges","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/210pb-dating","display_name":"210Pb dating","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrological-modeling","display_name":"hydrological modeling","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-variability","display_name":"rainfall variability","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-risk-assessment","display_name":"drought risk assessment","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allopatric-speciation","display_name":"allopatric speciation","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speciation-rates","display_name":"speciation rates","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/island-biogeography","display_name":"island biogeography","score":0.5289999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.659770667552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140345934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25445","display_name":"Holocene","level":2,"score":0.6334899663925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.6236293911933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180093795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215839","display_name":"Aeolian processes","level":2,"score":0.5894777178764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780142684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750663","display_name":"Hiatus","level":2,"score":0.5889824032783508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5636659860610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.5108856558799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53570757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25546","display_name":"Pleistocene","level":2,"score":0.5026824474334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186632785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506894","display_name":"Littoral zone","level":2,"score":0.49537670612335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.4744844436645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.311554491519928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.27363449335098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3006207977","display_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","issn_l":"0080-4649","issn":["0080-4649","0962-8452","1471-2954","2053-9193"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83984011","https://openalex.org/W127416795","https://openalex.org/W279275201","https://openalex.org/W1505594408","https://openalex.org/W1560664862","https://openalex.org/W1583047002","https://openalex.org/W1851405077","https://openalex.org/W1973559256","https://openalex.org/W1979996242","https://openalex.org/W1982011585","https://openalex.org/W1991022833","https://openalex.org/W1991666152","https://openalex.org/W1997276318","https://openalex.org/W2002652493","https://openalex.org/W2007993714","https://openalex.org/W2017425015","https://openalex.org/W2022831871","https://openalex.org/W2027302294","https://openalex.org/W2042359497","https://openalex.org/W2048747011","https://openalex.org/W2051606203","https://openalex.org/W2053602152","https://openalex.org/W2060759128","https://openalex.org/W2062875657","https://openalex.org/W2066300657","https://openalex.org/W2071849594","https://openalex.org/W2078377676","https://openalex.org/W2091386368","https://openalex.org/W2112607765","https://openalex.org/W2167252044","https://openalex.org/W2311728664","https://openalex.org/W2335337520","https://openalex.org/W2787181989","https://openalex.org/W2796159249","https://openalex.org/W2977068036","https://openalex.org/W4244113652","https://openalex.org/W4252778400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193861970","https://openalex.org/W2142404364","https://openalex.org/W2527848876","https://openalex.org/W6959051224","https://openalex.org/W2127462477","https://openalex.org/W2062875657","https://openalex.org/W2084948133","https://openalex.org/W7095657031","https://openalex.org/W2156335171","https://openalex.org/W2762256656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Lake":[1,14,98,260],"Malawi,":[2],"the":[3,23,34,46,70,94,124,128,164,198,205,249,278,316,320,323,355,361,368,378,384,395,405,412],"third":[4],"largest":[5],"lake":[6,75,192,237,391,406],"in":[7,22,45,112,123,160,204,236,242,248,270,336,343,390],"Africa,":[8],"is":[9,78,153,283,341],"several":[10],"million":[11],"years":[12,50,56,225],"old.":[13],"levels":[15,392],"have":[16,29,38,407],"fluctuated":[17],"to":[18,101,345,424],"a":[19,82,145,218,281,295,338],"considerable":[20],"extent":[21],"late":[24],"Pleistocene.":[25],"Although":[26],"tectonism":[27],"may":[28,363],"influenced":[30],"earlier":[31],"level":[32,238],"changes,":[33],"more":[35],"recent":[36,286],"changes":[37,200,235,241,389],"been":[39],"climatically":[40],"controlled.":[41],"Major":[42],"recessions":[43,401],"occurred":[44],"period":[47,71],"before":[48],"25000":[49],"ago":[51],"and":[52,64,68,114,212,292,303,310,359,393,402,418],"10740":[53],"\u00b1":[54],"130":[55],"ago,":[57],"with":[58,119,299,370],"further":[59,425],"large":[60],"falls":[61],"between":[62],"1150":[63],"1250":[65],"A.":[66],"D.":[67],"within":[69,315,328],"1500-1850.":[72],"The":[73,234,254,331,351,399],"1500-1850":[74],"recession-refilling":[76],"cycle":[77],"documented":[79],"by":[80,155,167,176,367,383,394],"using":[81],"variety":[83],"of":[84,97,104,148,190,210,220,231,251,257,284,307,322,333,354,404,414,427],"techniques.":[85],"Sediment":[86],"cores":[87],"show":[88,170],"an":[89],"erosional":[90],"hiatus":[91],"stretching":[92],"across":[93,116],"southern":[95],"area":[96],"Malawi":[99,261,356],"down":[100],"water":[102],"depths":[103],"at":[105,229],"least":[106],"121":[107],"m.":[108],"Diatoms":[109],"sharply":[110],"decline":[111],"abundance":[113],"diversity":[115,353],"this":[117,149,180],"break,":[118],"Melosira":[120],"nyassensis":[121],"dominating":[122],"post-erosion":[125],"period.":[126],"During":[127],"low":[129,150],"stage,":[130],"exposed":[131],"littoral":[132],"sands":[133],"were":[134,187,312],"reworked":[135],"into":[136],"aeolian":[137],"dune-fields":[138],"along":[139],"windward":[140],"shorelines.":[141],"Oral":[142],"histories":[143],"reflect":[144],"group":[146],"memory":[147],"period,":[151],"which":[152,371],"supported":[154],"14C":[156],"dated":[157],"archaeological":[158],"finds":[159],"beach":[161],"ridges":[162],"surrounding":[163],"lake.":[165],"Dating":[166],"210Pb":[168],"methods":[169],"that":[171,197,277,329],"lacustrine":[172],"sedimentation":[173],"had":[174],"resumed":[175],"about":[177,267],"1860.":[178],"At":[179],"time,":[181],"early":[182],"explorers,":[183],"such":[184,337],"as":[185,264,280,381],"Livingstone,":[186],"reporting":[188],"evidence":[189,387],"rising":[191],"levels.":[193],"Hydrological":[194],"modelling":[195],"shows":[196,276],"lake-level":[199],"indicated":[201],"are":[202,214,245],"possible":[203],"timespan":[206,340],"available.":[207],"Various":[208],"permutations":[209],"rainfall":[211,228],"timescale":[213],"discussed,":[215],"e.":[216],"g.":[217],"drop":[219],"110":[221],"m":[222],"over":[223],"250":[224],"would":[226],"require":[227],"50%":[230],"modern":[232],"values.":[233],"imply":[239],"longterm":[240],"climate;":[243],"these":[244,308],"highly":[246],"relevant":[247],"field":[250],"drought-risk":[252],"assessment.":[253],"species":[255,269],"flock":[256,279],"rocky-shore":[258],"dwelling":[259],"cichlids":[262],"known":[263],"\u2018Mbuna\u2019":[265],"contains":[266],"200":[268],"Malawi\u2019s":[271],"waters.":[272],"Mitochondrial":[273],"DNA":[274],"differentiation":[275],"whole":[282],"extremely":[285],"origin.":[287],"Almost":[288],"every":[289],"rocky":[290],"outcrop":[291],"island":[293],"has":[294,325],"unique":[296],"Mbuna":[297,396],"fauna,":[298],"endemic":[300],"colour":[301],"forms":[302,335],"species.":[304],"As":[305],"many":[306],"islands":[309],"outcrops":[311],"dry":[313],"land":[314],"last":[317],"200-300":[318],"years,":[319],"establishment":[321,413],"faunas":[324],"taken":[326],"place":[327],"time.":[330],"evolution":[332],"distinct":[334],"brief":[339],"discussed":[342],"relation":[344],"current":[346],"ideas":[347],"on":[348,388],"allopatric":[349],"speciation.":[350,428],"present":[352,385],"cichlid-species":[357],"flock,":[358],"particularly":[360],"Mbuna,":[362],"be":[364],"readily":[365],"explained":[366],"rapidity":[369],"small":[372],"founder":[373,416],"populations":[374,417],"can":[375],"diverge":[376],"from":[377],"parent":[379],"population,":[380],"demonstrated":[382],"chronological":[386],"distribution":[397],"data.":[398],"repeated":[400],"refillings":[403],"provided":[408],"numerous":[409],"opportunities":[410],"for":[411],"different":[415,420],"consequently":[419],"selection":[421],"pressures,":[422],"leading":[423],"bouts":[426]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
