{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120237271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","title":"Intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: Categorization, reciprocation, or fear?","display_name":"Intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: Categorization, reciprocation, or fear?","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120237271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","mag":"2120237271","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10909879"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016677654","display_name":"Lowell Gaertner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-6662","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-6662"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lowell Gaertner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235, USA. lag@psyc.tamu.edu","Texas A & M U, Dept of Psychology, College Station, TX, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235, USA. lag@psyc.tamu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A & M U, Dept of Psychology, College Station, TX, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089185931","display_name":"Chester A. Insko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chester A. Insko","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.6738,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":236,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99786708,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"79","issue":"1","first_page":"77","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12521","display_name":"Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12892","display_name":"Social Power and Status Dynamics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimal-group-paradigm","display_name":"minimal group paradigm","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergroup-discrimination","display_name":"intergroup discrimination","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-categorization","display_name":"social categorization","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-group-favoritism","display_name":"in-group favoritism","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tajfel","display_name":"Tajfel","score":0.4429999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107344746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375181","display_name":"Ingroups and outgroups","level":2,"score":0.9385855197906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51271553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842917","display_name":"Outgroup","level":2,"score":0.9080885052680969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.8938001394271851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.883714497089386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6549701690673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87612349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008637","display_name":"In-group favoritism","level":4,"score":0.4402177929878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.4345915913581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781256819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16828835","display_name":"Antecedent (behavioral psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41439124941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.39504894614219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180872759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405","display_name":"Social group","level":2,"score":0.31774061918258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98447023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540351","display_name":"Social identity theory","level":3,"score":0.3110598921775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08398979902267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011209","descriptor_name":"Power, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011209","descriptor_name":"Power, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011209","descriptor_name":"Power, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012927","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Informal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012927","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Informal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012927","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Informal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012933","descriptor_name":"Social Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012933","descriptor_name":"Social Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012933","descriptor_name":"Social Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.77","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.77","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.77","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10909879","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10909879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4971475589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH-53258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5479454473","display_name":"PRODUCING COOPERATION IN INTERGROUP RELATIONS","funder_award_id":"5r01mh053258-06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90970949","https://openalex.org/W386986494","https://openalex.org/W1483679835","https://openalex.org/W1583414384","https://openalex.org/W1603542031","https://openalex.org/W1614675676","https://openalex.org/W1890911256","https://openalex.org/W1960297740","https://openalex.org/W1974236782","https://openalex.org/W1976301145","https://openalex.org/W1977120936","https://openalex.org/W1977127953","https://openalex.org/W1978493498","https://openalex.org/W1996947752","https://openalex.org/W1998736417","https://openalex.org/W1998767477","https://openalex.org/W1999765875","https://openalex.org/W2003152910","https://openalex.org/W2005318843","https://openalex.org/W2011754800","https://openalex.org/W2013033180","https://openalex.org/W2021666368","https://openalex.org/W2022663146","https://openalex.org/W2023193764","https://openalex.org/W2026014425","https://openalex.org/W2041114131","https://openalex.org/W2041902797","https://openalex.org/W2065279710","https://openalex.org/W2079925146","https://openalex.org/W2080114632","https://openalex.org/W2081121534","https://openalex.org/W2081155210","https://openalex.org/W2082719780","https://openalex.org/W2086583191","https://openalex.org/W2102623639","https://openalex.org/W2112017619","https://openalex.org/W2114961261","https://openalex.org/W2129935722","https://openalex.org/W2133124878","https://openalex.org/W2135604017","https://openalex.org/W2147602649","https://openalex.org/W2150818055","https://openalex.org/W2157338817","https://openalex.org/W2166061111","https://openalex.org/W2170822944","https://openalex.org/W2175873029","https://openalex.org/W2322124178","https://openalex.org/W2908414108","https://openalex.org/W4293092812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W125226757","https://openalex.org/W1977624680","https://openalex.org/W1968904212","https://openalex.org/W2561443840","https://openalex.org/W4250918068","https://openalex.org/W2073523975","https://openalex.org/W2292240046","https://openalex.org/W1586239708","https://openalex.org/W2041114131","https://openalex.org/W2022001726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"H.":[0],"Tajfel's":[1],"(1970)":[2],"minimal":[3],"group":[4],"paradigm":[5],"(MGP)":[6],"research":[7],"suggests":[8],"that":[9,35],"social":[10],"categorization":[11,29,45],"is":[12],"a":[13],"sufficient":[14],"antecedent":[15],"of":[16,32,61,64,79],"ingroup-favoring":[17],"discrimination.":[18,81],"Two":[19],"experiments":[20],"examined":[21,68],"whether":[22],"discrimination":[23],"in":[24,102],"the":[25,62,71,74,77],"MGP":[26],"arises":[27],"from":[28,46],"or":[30,112],"processes":[31],"outcome":[33,47],"dependence,":[34],"is,":[36],"ingroup":[37,72,85,107],"reciprocity":[38,86],"and":[39],"outgroup":[40,75],"fear.":[41],"Experiment":[42,66],"1":[43],"unconfounded":[44],"dependence.":[48,65],"Categorized":[49,57],"men":[50,88],"discriminated":[51,59,89],"only":[52],"when":[53,90],"dependent":[54,91],"on":[55,70,92],"others.":[56],"women":[58],"regardless":[60],"structure":[63],"2":[67],"dependence":[69,108],"versus":[73],"as":[76],"locus":[78],"male-initiated":[80],"Consistently":[82],"with":[83],"an":[84],"effect,":[87],"ingroup,":[93],"but":[94],"not":[95],"outgroup,":[96],"members.":[97],"Sex":[98],"differences":[99],"are":[100],"discussed":[101],"regard":[103],"to":[104],"women's":[105],"heightened":[106],"produced":[109],"by":[110],"biological":[111],"environmental":[113],"constraints.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
