{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120219476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","title":"Chemical Reaction Optimization: a tutorial","display_name":"Chemical Reaction Optimization: a tutorial","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120219476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","mag":"2120219476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125629831","display_name":"Memetic Computing","issn_l":"1865-9284","issn":["1865-9284","1865-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memetic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2120219476"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050605025","display_name":"Albert Y. S. Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-9301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-9301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Albert Y. S. Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 273 Cory Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","University of California, Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 273 Cory Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056877599","display_name":"Victor O. K. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-9445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-9445","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-3493"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor O. K. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Rm. 610D, Chow Yei Ching Building, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong, China","The University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Rm. 610D, Chow Yei Ching Building, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050605025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"apc_paid":{"value":3990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3990},"fwci":12.2726,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":292,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99040524,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-reaction-optimization","display_name":"chemical reaction optimization","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic-optimization","display_name":"metaheuristic optimization","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-inspired-algorithms","display_name":"bio-inspired algorithms","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-reactions","display_name":"chemical reactions","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-assignment-problem","display_name":"quadratic assignment problem","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-training","display_name":"neural network training","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-optimization","display_name":"multimodal optimization","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-optimization","display_name":"discrete optimization","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-optimization","display_name":"continuous optimization","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-implementation","display_name":"algorithm implementation","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.670778214931488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.49480170011520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4683842957019806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4641033411026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4613191783428192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4525219798088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14961307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377176","display_name":"Energy minimization","level":2,"score":0.44778382778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42299219965934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4171977639198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.4112902879714966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2997073233127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25877851247787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.18764513731002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1720515787601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1706441342830658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147597530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472","display_name":"Computational chemistry","level":1,"score":0.13668465614318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125629831","display_name":"Memetic Computing","issn_l":"1865-9284","issn":["1865-9284","1865-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memetic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/147100","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/147100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12293-012-0075-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125629831","display_name":"Memetic Computing","issn_l":"1865-9284","issn":["1865-9284","1865-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Memetic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320904","display_name":"Croucher Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04741mc34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322170","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2120219476.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2120219476.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85876055","https://openalex.org/W632400409","https://openalex.org/W1539190387","https://openalex.org/W1559574616","https://openalex.org/W1568404366","https://openalex.org/W1573676079","https://openalex.org/W1591213847","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1814468372","https://openalex.org/W1879678483","https://openalex.org/W1969413448","https://openalex.org/W1969540702","https://openalex.org/W1970902588","https://openalex.org/W1985749783","https://openalex.org/W1993885071","https://openalex.org/W1997600725","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2013603106","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2069364047","https://openalex.org/W2091469954","https://openalex.org/W2096307073","https://openalex.org/W2104274529","https://openalex.org/W2108591703","https://openalex.org/W2111811973","https://openalex.org/W2112061072","https://openalex.org/W2112577724","https://openalex.org/W2117832390","https://openalex.org/W2121035504","https://openalex.org/W2127123061","https://openalex.org/W2132110147","https://openalex.org/W2136554306","https://openalex.org/W2140088533","https://openalex.org/W2143451729","https://openalex.org/W2150480157","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2153503747","https://openalex.org/W2163178248","https://openalex.org/W2170991283","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2313006836","https://openalex.org/W2599014521","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3119906835","https://openalex.org/W3147414854","https://openalex.org/W3152125479","https://openalex.org/W4230109265","https://openalex.org/W4243432816","https://openalex.org/W4292408555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2957818796","https://openalex.org/W1655742","https://openalex.org/W2136554306","https://openalex.org/W2625759029","https://openalex.org/W1500724331","https://openalex.org/W1518629770","https://openalex.org/W3025853832","https://openalex.org/W2963591553","https://openalex.org/W2093625510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chemical":[0],"Reaction":[1],"Optimization":[2],"(CRO)":[3],"is":[4,21,77],"a":[5,22,37,55,106,158],"recently":[6],"established":[7],"metaheuristics":[8],"for":[9],"optimization,":[10],"inspired":[11],"by":[12],"the":[13,27,31,61,94,113,145,162],"nature":[14],"of":[15,25,57,109,161,165],"chemical":[16,19,38],"reactions.":[17,59],"A":[18],"reaction":[20,39],"natural":[23],"process":[24],"transforming":[26],"unstable":[28,43],"substances":[29],"to":[30,66,71,81,89,104,143,150],"stable":[32],"ones.":[33],"In":[34],"microscopic":[35],"view,":[36],"starts":[40],"with":[41,45,51,68,135],"some":[42],"molecules":[44,49],"excessive":[46],"energy.":[47],"The":[48,124],"interact":[50],"each":[52],"other":[53,136],"through":[54],"sequence":[56],"elementary":[58],"At":[60],"end,":[62],"they":[63],"are":[64],"converted":[65],"those":[67],"minimum":[69],"energy":[70],"support":[72],"their":[73,152],"existence.":[74],"This":[75,140],"property":[76],"embedded":[78],"in":[79,92,147],"CRO":[80,85,103,129,149,166],"solve":[82,105,151],"optimization":[83,138],"problems.":[84,153],"can":[86],"be":[87],"applied":[88],"tackle":[90],"problems":[91],"both":[93],"discrete":[95],"and":[96,167],"continuous":[97,121],"domains.":[98],"We":[99],"have":[100],"successfully":[101],"exploited":[102],"broad":[107],"range":[108],"engineering":[110],"problems,":[111,122],"including":[112],"quadratic":[114],"assignment":[115],"problem,":[116],"neural":[117],"network":[118],"training,":[119],"multimodal":[120],"etc.":[123],"simulation":[125],"results":[126],"demonstrate":[127],"that":[128],"has":[130],"superior":[131],"performance":[132],"when":[133],"compared":[134],"existing":[137],"algorithms.":[139],"tutorial":[141],"aims":[142],"assist":[144],"readers":[146],"implementing":[148],"It":[154],"also":[155],"serves":[156],"as":[157],"technical":[159],"overview":[160],"current":[163],"development":[164],"provides":[168],"potential":[169],"future":[170],"research":[171],"directions.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}