{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120109795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","title":"Testosterone Gel Supplementation for Men With Refractory Depression: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","display_name":"Testosterone Gel Supplementation for Men With Refractory Depression: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120109795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","mag":"2120109795","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12505808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005998157","display_name":"Harrison Graham Pope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-6439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-6439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801148111","display_name":"McLean Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kta7d96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harrison G. Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA. pope@mclean.harvard.edu","Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA. pope@mclean.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478-9106, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011441353","display_name":"Geoffrey H. Cohane","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey H. Cohane","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088469671","display_name":"Gen Kanayama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-6051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-6051"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gen Kanayama","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016472769","display_name":"Arthur J. Siegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6795-5229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6795-5229"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arthur J. Siegel","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074806044","display_name":"James I. Hudson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-8931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3999-8931"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James I. Hudson","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":343,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98534164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"160","issue":"1","first_page":"105","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11146","display_name":"Hormonal and reproductive studies","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11146","display_name":"Hormonal and reproductive studies","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.019300000742077827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testosterone-gel","display_name":"testosterone gel","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testosterone-supplementation","display_name":"testosterone supplementation","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-resistant-depression","display_name":"treatment-resistant depression","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-depression","display_name":"male depression","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testosterone-deficiency","display_name":"androgen deficiency","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transdermal-testosterone","display_name":"transdermal testosterone","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidepressant-effects","display_name":"antidepressant effects","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia","display_name":"benign prostatic hyperplasia","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamilton-depression-rating-scale","display_name":"Hamilton Depression Rating Scale","score":0.574999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779279991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058681","display_name":"Testosterone (patch)","level":2,"score":0.7853463888168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.778923511505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5275523066520691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46350377798080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4553956389427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779631380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813655","display_name":"Beck Depression Inventory","level":3,"score":0.44925883412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.44202014803886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.432958722114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33938467502593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.21921277046203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.21338483691215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000928","descriptor_name":"Antidepressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000928","descriptor_name":"Antidepressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003865","descriptor_name":"Major Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003865","descriptor_name":"Major Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003865","descriptor_name":"Major Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004311","descriptor_name":"Double-Blind Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005782","descriptor_name":"Gels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013739","descriptor_name":"Testosterone","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013739","descriptor_name":"Testosterone","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013739","descriptor_name":"Testosterone","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12505808","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12505808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27525665","https://openalex.org/W155825702","https://openalex.org/W1537046417","https://openalex.org/W1816675913","https://openalex.org/W1971094032","https://openalex.org/W1980218931","https://openalex.org/W1985489419","https://openalex.org/W1998781950","https://openalex.org/W2010580322","https://openalex.org/W2047242041","https://openalex.org/W2051626926","https://openalex.org/W2053880875","https://openalex.org/W2055598996","https://openalex.org/W2060846597","https://openalex.org/W2075287300","https://openalex.org/W2085461121","https://openalex.org/W2091897946","https://openalex.org/W2094107102","https://openalex.org/W2099393002","https://openalex.org/W2110716697","https://openalex.org/W2122023537","https://openalex.org/W2122434629","https://openalex.org/W2133700875","https://openalex.org/W2145816995","https://openalex.org/W2148714770","https://openalex.org/W2148752357","https://openalex.org/W2153475442","https://openalex.org/W2159061031","https://openalex.org/W2166327326","https://openalex.org/W2336273414","https://openalex.org/W2577042876","https://openalex.org/W2993539218","https://openalex.org/W4239955997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076250444","https://openalex.org/W2014537223","https://openalex.org/W2034219939","https://openalex.org/W2055753888","https://openalex.org/W2061524621","https://openalex.org/W1983149990","https://openalex.org/W6977721548","https://openalex.org/W2051001374","https://openalex.org/W2060846597","https://openalex.org/W1998781950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Testosterone":[1],"supplementation":[2],"may":[3,221],"produce":[4,222],"antidepressant":[5,104,223],"effects":[6,224],"in":[7,138,225],"men,":[8,67],"but":[9,180],"until":[10],"recently":[11],"it":[12],"has":[13],"required":[14],"cumbersome":[15],"parenteral":[16],"administration.":[17],"In":[18],"an":[19,75,197],"8-week":[20,116],"randomized,":[21],"placebo-controlled":[22],"trial,":[23],"the":[24,70,115,141,156,162,174,182,226],"authors":[25],"administered":[26],"a":[27],"testosterone":[28,43,56,90,109,132,190,219,237],"transdermal":[29],"gel":[30,133,220],"to":[31,74,88,96,189,211],"men":[32,48,234],"aged":[33],"30-65":[34],"who":[35],"had":[36,134],"refractory":[37],"depression":[38],"and":[39,81,94,110,127,158,228],"low":[40,236],"or":[41,61],"borderline":[42],"levels.":[44,238],"METHOD:":[45],"Of":[46,65],"56":[47],"screened,":[49],"24":[50],"(42.9%)":[51],"displayed":[52],"morning":[53],"serum":[54],"total":[55],"levels":[57],"of":[58,161,199,232],"350":[59],"ng/dl":[60],"less":[62],"(normal":[63],"range=270-1070).":[64],"these":[66],"23":[68],"entered":[69],"study.":[71],"One":[72,186],"responded":[73],"initial":[76],"1-week":[77],"single-blind":[78],"placebo":[79,113],"period,":[80],"22":[82],"were":[83,121,152],"subsequently":[84],"randomly":[85],"assigned:":[86],"12":[87],"1%":[89],"gel,":[91],"10":[92,95],"g/day,":[93],"identical-appearing":[97],"placebo.":[98,149],"Each":[99],"subject":[100,187,205],"continued":[101],"his":[102],"existing":[103],"regimen.":[105],"Ten":[106],"subjects":[107,147],"receiving":[108,112,131,148],"nine":[111],"completed":[114],"trial.":[117],"RESULTS:":[118],"The":[119],"groups":[120],"closely":[122],"matched":[123],"on":[124,140,154,173],"baseline":[125],"demographic":[126],"psychiatric":[128],"measures.":[129],"Subjects":[130],"significantly":[135],"greater":[136],"improvement":[137],"scores":[139],"Hamilton":[142,163],"Depression":[143,164,184],"Rating":[144,165],"Scale":[145],"than":[146],"These":[150,214],"changes":[151],"noted":[153],"both":[155],"vegetative":[157],"affective":[159],"subscales":[160],"Scale.":[166],"A":[167],"significant":[168],"difference":[169],"was":[170],"also":[171],"found":[172],"Clinical":[175],"Global":[176],"Impression":[177],"severity":[178],"scale":[179],"not":[181],"Beck":[183],"Inventory.":[185],"assigned":[188],"reported":[191,206],"increased":[192],"difficulty":[193],"with":[194,235],"urination,":[195],"suggesting":[196],"exacerbation":[198],"benign":[200],"prostatic":[201],"hyperplasia;":[202],"no":[203],"other":[204],"adverse":[207],"events":[208],"apparently":[209],"attributable":[210],"testosterone.":[212],"CONCLUSIONS:":[213],"preliminary":[215],"findings":[216],"suggest":[217],"that":[218],"large":[227],"probably":[229],"underrecognized":[230],"population":[231],"depressed":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}