{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118950748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","title":"Do College Instructors Matter? The Effects of Adjuncts and Graduate Assistants on Students' Interests and Success","display_name":"Do College Instructors Matter? The Effects of Adjuncts and Graduate Assistants on Students' Interests and Success","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118950748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","mag":"2118950748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068428449","display_name":"Eric Bettinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0337-8223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0337-8223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Bettinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Building","Dept of Economics Case Western Reserve University 11119 Bellflower Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106-7235","Harvard Graduate School of Education Gutman Library 465 Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Building","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Economics Case Western Reserve University 11119 Bellflower Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106-7235","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Graduate School of Education Gutman Library 465 Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031433278","display_name":"Bridget Terry Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-9245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-9245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bridget Terry Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Building","Dept of Economics Case Western Reserve University 11119 Bellflower Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106-7235","Harvard Graduate School of Education Gutman Library 465 Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Building","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Economics Case Western Reserve University 11119 Bellflower Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106-7235","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Graduate School of Education Gutman Library 465 Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.3562000095844269,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.3562000095844269,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.31200000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.25850000977516174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjunct-faculty","display_name":"adjunct faculty","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-assistants","display_name":"graduate assistants","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-time-faculty","display_name":"full-time faculty","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course-enrollment","display_name":"course registration","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-interest-in-subjects","display_name":"student interest in subjects","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-in-higher-education","display_name":"higher education quality","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanities-courses","display_name":"humanities courses","score":0.4790000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020528894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20820271","display_name":"Graduate students","level":2,"score":0.6017628908157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5783092975616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.540505588054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.482311487197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3401854634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.276877224445343}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10370","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10370.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10370.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016906077","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10370.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10370.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3124295665","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3141901616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/10370.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9901999831199646,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118950748.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118950748.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30033390","https://openalex.org/W31461517","https://openalex.org/W108356290","https://openalex.org/W140372155","https://openalex.org/W201270492","https://openalex.org/W221096958","https://openalex.org/W223508007","https://openalex.org/W263501966","https://openalex.org/W284005645","https://openalex.org/W316905202","https://openalex.org/W347417536","https://openalex.org/W1494934903","https://openalex.org/W1505872566","https://openalex.org/W1510460518","https://openalex.org/W1514456091","https://openalex.org/W1533510876","https://openalex.org/W1583041373","https://openalex.org/W1951098532","https://openalex.org/W1982951368","https://openalex.org/W1998131982","https://openalex.org/W2002057068","https://openalex.org/W2005883559","https://openalex.org/W2025158281","https://openalex.org/W2048571451","https://openalex.org/W2072623017","https://openalex.org/W2084557732","https://openalex.org/W2085631336","https://openalex.org/W2087346032","https://openalex.org/W2090228025","https://openalex.org/W2109527430","https://openalex.org/W2124799002","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2140719963","https://openalex.org/W2160456297","https://openalex.org/W2165248306","https://openalex.org/W2725556774","https://openalex.org/W2800797275","https://openalex.org/W2889753036","https://openalex.org/W2993039824","https://openalex.org/W2993058798","https://openalex.org/W3023355458","https://openalex.org/W3126111335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123552939","https://openalex.org/W2266738042","https://openalex.org/W2586154916","https://openalex.org/W3209972419","https://openalex.org/W4320024984","https://openalex.org/W7097066819","https://openalex.org/W7058121304","https://openalex.org/W2460787395","https://openalex.org/W179052779","https://openalex.org/W3019118443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,21,29,48,68,97,116,191],"the":[2,10,15,22,66,114,133,168,183,192],"most":[3],"pronounced":[4],"trends":[5],"in":[6,35,77,103,120,159,182,189],"higher":[7],"education":[8,58,69],"over":[9,45],"last":[11],"decade":[12],"has":[13],"been":[14],"increased":[16],"reliance":[17],"on":[18],"instructors":[19,43,112,126,154],"outside":[20],"traditional":[23],"full-time,":[24],"Ph.D.-trained":[25],"model.Nearly":[26],"43":[27],"percent":[28,47],"all":[30],"teaching":[31],"faculty":[32,165],"were":[33],"part-time":[34],"1998,":[36],"and":[37,59,72,109,118,142,151,172,176,194],"at":[38,99],"selective":[39],"colleges,":[40],"graduate":[41,110,152,177],"assistant":[42,111,153],"teach":[44],"35":[46],"introductory":[49],"courses.Critics":[50],"argue":[51],"that":[52,149],"these":[53,85],"alternative":[54,125],"instructors,":[55],"with":[56,124],"less":[57],"engagement":[60],"within":[61],"a":[62,78,94,143,160],"university,":[63],"are":[64,170],"causing":[65],"quality":[67],"to":[70,83,89,163],"deteriorate":[71],"may":[73,127],"affect":[74,113,180],"student":[75],"interest":[76,158],"subject.However,":[79],"little":[80],"research":[81],"exists":[82],"document":[84],"claims.This":[86],"paper":[87,105,134],"attempts":[88],"fill":[90],"this":[91],"void":[92],"using":[93],"unique":[95],"dataset":[96],"students":[98,123,181,188],"public,":[100],"four-year":[101],"colleges":[102],"Ohio.The":[104],"quantifies":[106],"how":[107],"adjunct":[108,150],"likelihood":[115],"enrollment":[117],"success":[119],"subsequent":[121,157],"courses.Because":[122],"differ":[128,173],"systematically":[129],"from":[130],"other":[131],"students,":[132],"uses":[135],"two":[136],"empirical":[137],"strategies:":[138],"course":[139],"fixed":[140],"effects":[141,169],"value-added":[144],"instructor":[145],"model.The":[146],"results":[147],"suggest":[148],"generally":[155],"reduce":[156],"subject":[161],"relative":[162],"full-time":[164],"members,":[166],"but":[167],"small":[171],"by":[174],"discipline.Adjuncts":[175],"assistants":[178],"negatively":[179],"humanities":[184],"while":[185],"positively":[186],"affecting":[187],"some":[190],"technical":[193],"professional":[195],"fields.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}