{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118528536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","title":"Parental Educational Investment and Children's Academic Risk: Estimates of the Impact of Sibship Size and Birth Order from Exogenous Variations in Fertility","display_name":"Parental Educational Investment and Children's Academic Risk: Estimates of the Impact of Sibship Size and Birth Order from Exogenous Variations in Fertility","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118528536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","mag":"2118528536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w11302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014317276","display_name":"Dalton Conley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-7222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-7222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalton Conley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology New York University 269 Mercer Street , 4th Floor New York , NY 10003 and","Center for Advanced Social Science Research New York University","Department of Sociology New York University 269 Mercer Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology New York University 269 Mercer Street , 4th Floor New York , NY 10003 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Social Science Research New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology New York University 269 Mercer Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000925027","display_name":"Rebecca Glauber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-576X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-576X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Glauber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Social Science Research New York University","Department of Sociology New York University 269 Mercer Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Social Science Research New York University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology New York University 269 Mercer Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000925027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.6309000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.6309000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.32760000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-of-siblings","display_name":"number of siblings","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-order","display_name":"birth order","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-s-academic-achievement","display_name":"children's academic achievement","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-school-attendance","display_name":"private school attendance","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-retention","display_name":"school retention","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility-shocks","display_name":"fertility shocks","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sibling-effects","display_name":"sibling effects","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-stratification","display_name":"educational stratification","score":0.39899998903274536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779209633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914808","display_name":"Birth order","level":3,"score":0.7531111240386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.6632824540138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5381636619567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5125855803489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.49297356605529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153112689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526071","display_name":"Parental investment","level":4,"score":0.47014644742012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.42832425236701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4184197783470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1860092580318451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14477354288101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.12219539284706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.11978986859321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.06970846652984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.060663431882858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w11302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11302","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w11302.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w11302.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2892310172","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nbrnberwo/11302.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w11302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w11302","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118528536.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118528536.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120492542","https://openalex.org/W319704298","https://openalex.org/W1564693063","https://openalex.org/W1572694034","https://openalex.org/W1582351126","https://openalex.org/W1600213879","https://openalex.org/W1867829407","https://openalex.org/W1969338120","https://openalex.org/W2013955955","https://openalex.org/W2022735817","https://openalex.org/W2030320830","https://openalex.org/W2042219705","https://openalex.org/W2047697351","https://openalex.org/W2048899167","https://openalex.org/W2058484775","https://openalex.org/W2068617850","https://openalex.org/W2070025170","https://openalex.org/W2076344584","https://openalex.org/W2080018746","https://openalex.org/W2086426685","https://openalex.org/W2087456864","https://openalex.org/W2089530081","https://openalex.org/W2100780755","https://openalex.org/W2101535662","https://openalex.org/W2103614491","https://openalex.org/W2103889090","https://openalex.org/W2116569102","https://openalex.org/W2150439610","https://openalex.org/W2151176003","https://openalex.org/W2162628075","https://openalex.org/W2162848332","https://openalex.org/W2166888609","https://openalex.org/W2170413671","https://openalex.org/W2890196818","https://openalex.org/W2891175578","https://openalex.org/W3022419584","https://openalex.org/W3123059484","https://openalex.org/W3124202199","https://openalex.org/W3125440237","https://openalex.org/W3125914743","https://openalex.org/W4230951923","https://openalex.org/W4231203432","https://openalex.org/W4251070570","https://openalex.org/W4385886677","https://openalex.org/W6668213602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7070346221","https://openalex.org/W3091929614","https://openalex.org/W3122988741","https://openalex.org/W7171666986","https://openalex.org/W1586272750","https://openalex.org/W7052771289","https://openalex.org/W2919878897","https://openalex.org/W1588376977","https://openalex.org/W2156544426","https://openalex.org/W7097660367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"stylized":[1],"fact":[2,187],"that":[3,44,67,149,188],"individuals":[4],"who":[5],"come":[6],"from":[7,141,151],"families":[8,153],"with":[9],"more":[10,63,163],"children":[11,150,199],"are":[12,154,162,172,179],"disadvantaged":[13],"in":[14,26,125,169],"the":[15,22,33,53,68,107,129,142,186,189],"schooling":[16],"process":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"one":[20],"of":[21,55,58,61,71,85,97,109,121,138,191],"most":[23],"robust":[24],"effects":[25,70],"human":[27],"capital":[28],"and":[29,39,93,117,135,161,200],"stratification":[30],"research":[31],"over":[32],"last":[34],"few":[35],"decades.For":[36],"example,":[37],"Featherman":[38],"Hauser":[40],"(1978:":[41],"242-243)":[42],"estimate":[43,106],"each":[45],"additional":[46],"brother":[47],"or":[48],"sister":[49],"costs":[50],"respondents":[51],"on":[52,74,112,118],"order":[54],"a":[56,59,90,94],"fifth":[57],"year":[60],"schooling.However,":[62],"recent":[64,83],"analyses":[65,84],"suggest":[66,100],"detrimental":[69],"sibship":[72,110,192],"size":[73,111,193],"children's":[75,113],"educational":[76,139],"achievement":[77],"might":[78],"be":[79,166],"spurious.We":[80],"extend":[81],"these":[82],"spuriousness":[86],"versus":[87],"causality":[88],"using":[89],"different":[91,95],"method":[92],"set":[96],"outcome":[98],"measures.We":[99],"an":[101],"instrumental":[102],"variable":[103],"approach":[104],"to":[105,157,165],"effect":[108,190],"private":[114,159],"school":[115,160],"attendance":[116],"their":[119],"likelihood":[120],"being":[122],"held":[123,167],"back":[124,168],"school.Specifically,":[126],"we":[127],"deploy":[128],"sex-mix":[130],"instrument":[131],"used":[132],"by":[133],"Angrist":[134],"Evans":[136],"(1998).Analyses":[137],"data":[140],"1990":[143],"PUMS":[144],"five":[145],"percent":[146],"sample":[147],"reveal":[148],"larger":[152],"less":[155],"likely":[156,164],"attend":[158],"school.Our":[170],"estimates":[171],"smaller":[173],"than":[174,182],"traditional":[175],"OLS":[176],"estimates,":[177],"but":[178],"nevertheless":[180],"greater":[181],"zero.Most":[183],"interesting":[184],"is":[185,194],"uniformly":[195],"strongest":[196],"for":[197,202],"latter-born":[198],"zero":[201],"first":[203],"born":[204],"children.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}