{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118078784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","title":"Self-citation by researchers: narcissism or an inevitable outcome of a cohesive and sustained research program?","display_name":"Self-citation by researchers: narcissism or an inevitable outcome of a cohesive and sustained research program?","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118078784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","mag":"2118078784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","pdf_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/IEE/article/download/5148/5047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40395498","display_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","issn_l":"1918-3178","issn":["1918-3178"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313034","host_organization_name":"Queen's University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313034"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Queen's University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/IEE/article/download/5148/5047","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022488779","display_name":"Steven J. Cooke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5407-0659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5407-0659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Cooke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080381206","display_name":"Michael Donaldson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-5988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-5988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Donaldson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"CAD","value_usd":145},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"CAD","value_usd":145},"fwci":1.3007,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85333161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-citation","display_name":"self-citation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narcissism","display_name":"narcissism","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-behavior","display_name":"citation behavior","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.7445157766342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45710289478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779455604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5330","display_name":"Impact factor","level":2,"score":0.4101770520210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.4029672145843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32531309127807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27110451459884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.18587619066238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","pdf_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/IEE/article/download/5148/5047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40395498","display_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","issn_l":"1918-3178","issn":["1918-3178"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313034","host_organization_name":"Queen's University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313034"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Queen's University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.4033/iee2014.7.1.e","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee2014.7.1.e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee2014.7.1.e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40395498","display_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","issn_l":"1918-3178","issn":["1918-3178"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313034","host_organization_name":"Queen's University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313034"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Queen's University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60799595bea64d8e8b999c9d4bc5ec9c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60799595bea64d8e8b999c9d4bc5ec9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 7, Iss 1 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2014.7.1.e","pdf_url":"https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/IEE/article/download/5148/5047","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40395498","display_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","issn_l":"1918-3178","issn":["1918-3178"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313034","host_organization_name":"Queen's University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313034"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Queen's University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118078784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118078784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993772548","https://openalex.org/W2014641857","https://openalex.org/W2036238999","https://openalex.org/W2036452579","https://openalex.org/W2039723993","https://openalex.org/W2084570353","https://openalex.org/W2122700373","https://openalex.org/W2128125167","https://openalex.org/W2128438887","https://openalex.org/W2131409840","https://openalex.org/W2143158194","https://openalex.org/W2151568674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6993086686","https://openalex.org/W84270324","https://openalex.org/W2086234015","https://openalex.org/W7163609131","https://openalex.org/W6884940867","https://openalex.org/W3125949698","https://openalex.org/W2024207596","https://openalex.org/W3200975968","https://openalex.org/W1770129896","https://openalex.org/W3006774895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Steven":[0],"J.":[1],"Cooke":[2],"(steven_cooke@carleton.ca),":[3],"Fish":[4],"Ecology":[5],"and":[6,13,31,48,140,159,192,217,282,336,361,462,501,523,567],"Conservation":[7],"Physiology":[8],"Laboratory,":[9],"Department":[10,27],"of":[11,15,28,35,53,60,84,87,101,107,214,222,333,421,425,453,469,474,478,495,565],"Biology":[12],"Institute":[14],"Environmental":[16,32],"Science,":[17,108],"Carleton":[18],"University,":[19],"Ottawa,":[20],"Ontario,":[21],"Canada":[22],"Michael":[23],"R.":[24],"Donaldson":[25],"(michael.r.donaldson@gmail.com),":[26],"Natural":[29],"Resources":[30],"Sciences,":[33],"University":[34],"Illinois,":[36,38],"Urbana,":[37],"USA":[39],"The":[40,414],"research":[41,51,225,347,373,378,387,408,464,482,487,509,568],"community":[42],"remains":[43],"focused":[44,346],"with":[45,172,263,344,356,466,472],"enumerating,":[46],"evaluating,":[47],"ranking":[49],"the":[50,57,85,138,310,320,376,454,467,517,534,537,563,572,579],"productivity":[52,337],"individual":[54],"authors":[55,229],"despite":[56],"apparent":[58],"shortcomings":[59],"doing":[61],"so.":[62],"Basic":[63],"yet":[64],"widely":[65],"used":[66,449],"citation":[67],"metrics":[68],"such":[69,273],"as":[70,134,450],"\u00b3WRWDO":[71],"FLWHV\u00b4":[72],"(Adam":[73],"2002)":[74],"or":[75,185,252,264,267,520],"\u00b3+LUsch":[76],"(h)":[77],"LQGH[\u00b4":[78],"(Hirsch":[79],"2005)":[80],"require":[81],"a":[82,90,99,173,212,223,342,345,398,460,481,486,497,508],"count":[83],"number":[86,477],"times":[88],"that":[89,112,114,126,187,205,288,297,326,382,444,527,536],"given":[91],"DXWKRU\u00b6V":[92,580],"works":[93,235],"are":[94,98,556],"cited.":[95],"Fortunately":[96],"there":[97,403],"variety":[100],"electronic":[102],"bibliometric":[103],"tools":[104,120],"(e.g.,":[105,180,190],"Web":[106],"Google":[109],"Scholar,":[110],"Scopus)":[111],"do":[113,200],"work":[115,539],"for":[116,247,434],"us.":[117],"Interestingly,":[118],"those":[119,186,271],"tend":[121],"to":[122,176,199,231,238,243,280,290,301,315,431,442,456,532],"generate":[123,177],"default":[124],"counts":[125],"can":[127,131,167,490],"include":[128,268,302],"self-citations.":[129,292,435],"Self-citations":[130,166],"be":[132,168,210,220,307,324,412,448,491,530,576],"defined":[133],"occurrences":[135],"in":[136,148,227,236,329,338,364,397,419,423],"which":[137,228,277,457],"citing":[139],"cited":[141],"papers":[142,357,374,426],"share":[143],"at":[144],"least":[145],"one":[146,254,394,417,458],"author":[147,518],"common":[149],"(Asknes":[150],"2003),":[151],"although":[152],"various":[153],"definitions":[154],"have":[155],"been":[156,513],"proposed":[157],"(Fowler":[158],"Aksnes":[160],"2007,":[161,182],"Costas":[162],"et":[163],"al.":[164],"2010).":[165],"easily":[169],"filtered":[170],"out":[171],"few":[174],"clicks":[175],"\u00b3FRUUHFWHG\u00b4":[178],"indices":[179],"Schreiber":[181],"Brown":[183],"2009)":[184],"discount":[188],"self-cites":[189],"Ferrara":[191],"Romero":[193],"2013),":[194],"but":[195],"is":[196,299,328,381,395,404,418,440,540],"it":[197,298,439,525],"necessary":[198,531],"so?":[201],"Here,":[202],"we":[203],"argue":[204],"self-citations":[206,303,489,528,555],"need":[207],"not":[208,383],"necessarily":[209],"considered":[211],"form":[213],"narcissistic":[215],"behavior,":[216],"instead":[218],"could":[219,322,447],"indicative":[221],"cohesive":[224,461,498],"program,":[226,465,488],"refer":[230],"their":[232,240,261,339,521],"prev-ious":[233],"relevant":[234],"order":[237],"enhance":[239],"subsequent":[241],"contributions":[242],"knowledge.":[244,545],"When":[245,484],"applying":[246],"scientific":[248],"positions,":[249],"promotions,":[250],"tenure,":[251],"awards,":[253],"must":[255,275],"decide":[256,276],"whether":[257,283],"they":[258,278,284],"will":[259,285],"report":[260],"\u00b3SURGXFWLYLW\\\u00b4":[262],"without":[265],"self-citations,":[266],"both.":[269],"And,":[270],"assessing":[272],"researchers":[274],"wish":[279],"consider":[281],"\u00b3SHQDOL]H\u00b4":[286],"someone":[287],"fails":[289],"exclude":[291],"Some":[293],"individuals":[294],"may":[295,306,313,575],"feel":[296],"abhorrent":[300],"while":[304],"others":[305],"indifferent.":[308],"On":[309],"surface,":[311],"\u00b3VHOI-FLWDWLRQ\u00b4":[312],"appear":[314],"border":[316],"on":[317,353,372,542,552,562],"narcissism.":[318],"However,":[319],"argument":[321],"also":[323,428],"made":[325],"self-citation":[327,410,445,470],"fact":[330],"an":[331,385,451,492],"indicator":[332,452],"RQH\u00b6V":[334],"promin-ence":[335],"field.":[340],"Consider":[341],"research-er":[343],"program":[348,388,510],"publishing":[349],"year":[350,352],"after":[351],"related":[354],"topics,":[355],"building":[358,485,541],"upon":[359],"ideas":[360],"discoveries":[362],"codified":[363],"previous":[365],"work.":[366],"One":[367],"would":[368,411,427,529],"expect":[369],"significant":[370],"reliance":[371],"from":[375,480],"same":[377],"lab.":[379],"Indeed,":[380],"what":[384],"\u00b3LGHDO\u00b4":[386],"should":[389],"look":[390],"like?":[391],"Similarly,":[392],"if":[393,507],"working":[396],"highly":[399],"specialized":[400],"field":[401,564],"where":[402],"simply":[405],"little":[406],"other":[407],"effort,":[409],"essential.":[413],"more":[415],"productive":[416],"terms":[420],"output":[422,475],"quantity":[424],"inherently":[429],"lead":[430],"greater":[432],"potential":[433],"In":[436],"this":[437],"sense,":[438],"reasonable":[441],"think":[443],"itself":[446],"extent":[455,468,473],"has":[459,511],"coordinated":[463],"scaling":[471],"(in":[476],"papers)":[479],"program.":[483],"important":[493],"aspect":[494],"developing":[496],"knowledge":[499],"base":[500],"moving":[502],"science":[503],"forward.":[504],"For":[505,559],"example,":[506,560],"already":[512],"estab-lished,":[514],"either":[515],"by":[516,550,578],"themselves":[519],"col-laborators":[522],"co-authors,":[524],"follows":[526],"develop":[533],"rationale":[535],"current":[538],"previously":[543],"accumulated":[544],"Likewise,":[546],"when":[547],"interpreting":[548],"findings":[549],"drawing":[551],"existing":[553,573],"literature,":[554],"often":[557],"necessary.":[558],"depending":[561],"study":[566],"questions":[569],"being":[570],"asked,":[571],"literature":[574],"predominated":[577],"own":[581]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}