{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117872873","doi":null,"title":"Attractive People: Assembling Loose-Limbed Models using Non-parametric Belief Propagation","display_name":"Attractive People: Assembling Loose-Limbed Models using Non-parametric Belief Propagation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117872873","mag":"2117872873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.419.8370","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.419.8370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://books.nips.cc/papers/files/nips16/preproc/NIPS2003_VM07.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053011888","display_name":"Leonid Sigal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-2804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-2804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonid Sigal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3942-2804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089543053","display_name":"Michael Isard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Isard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, Mountain View CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, Mountain View CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015753795","display_name":"Benjamin H. Sigelman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin H. Sigelman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065396778","display_name":"Michael J. Black","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-4540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-4540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-4540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.4297,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98698453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1539","last_page":"1546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-pose-estimation","display_name":"human pose estimation","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-detection","display_name":"human detection","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-graphical-models","display_name":"probabilistic graphical models","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articulated-body-model","display_name":"articulated body model","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filtering","display_name":"particle filter","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-inference","display_name":"probabilistic inference","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion-robustness","display_name":"occlusion robustness","score":0.8489999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152948882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4060686","display_name":"Belief propagation","level":3,"score":0.7074447870254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.6848404407501221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6152122616767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6075503826141357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.5859521627426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.5628315210342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.5406664609909058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.47586458921432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.4755915403366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22100474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800952","display_name":"Articulated body pose estimation","level":4,"score":0.46742767095565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.4593712091445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4573705494403839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.45315998792648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.443044513463974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.44229161739349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36613465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636322","display_name":"3D pose estimation","level":3,"score":0.41262632608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36539918184280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3235629200935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3101375102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2849541902542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.419.8370","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.419.8370","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://books.nips.cc/papers/files/nips16/preproc/NIPS2003_VM07.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.9.3479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.9.3479","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://books.nips.cc/papers/files/nips16/NIPS2003_VM07.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2117872873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2499-attractive-people-assembling-loose-limbed-models-using-non-parametric-belief-propagation.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606243","display_name":"neural information processing systems","issn_l":"1049-5258","issn":["1049-5258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Information Processing Systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533614607","https://openalex.org/W1576834227","https://openalex.org/W1601941589","https://openalex.org/W1643263348","https://openalex.org/W1958762911","https://openalex.org/W1997128234","https://openalex.org/W2045798786","https://openalex.org/W2097041931","https://openalex.org/W2098678088","https://openalex.org/W2105297815","https://openalex.org/W2108190040","https://openalex.org/W2118025528","https://openalex.org/W2119357005","https://openalex.org/W2123073649","https://openalex.org/W2126559756","https://openalex.org/W2128981808","https://openalex.org/W2131432112","https://openalex.org/W2133716807","https://openalex.org/W2133952369","https://openalex.org/W2136467819","https://openalex.org/W2144124341","https://openalex.org/W2150095155","https://openalex.org/W2155929751","https://openalex.org/W2163301840","https://openalex.org/W2167947196"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096453820","https://openalex.org/W2071882725","https://openalex.org/W7140259833","https://openalex.org/W1606736127","https://openalex.org/W7026685713","https://openalex.org/W1584606685","https://openalex.org/W2141218264","https://openalex.org/W2468646785","https://openalex.org/W1983226596","https://openalex.org/W2342580327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"detection":[1],"and":[2,9,20,39,89,106,147,155],"pose":[3,66,100],"estimation":[4,67],"of":[5,17,24,71,130,140,152],"people":[6],"in":[7,49,101,110,120],"images":[8],"video":[10],"is":[11,104,148],"made":[12],"challenging":[13],"by":[14,59,96],"the":[15,21,41,51,54,65,79,84,92,107,131,137,141],"variability":[16],"human":[18,43],"appearance":[19],"high":[22],"dimensionality":[23],"articulated":[25],"body":[26,44,55,153],"models.":[27],"To":[28,116],"cope":[29],"with":[30],"these":[31],"problems":[32],"we":[33,124],"exploit":[34,125],"rich":[35],"image":[36],"likelihood":[37],"models":[38],"represent":[40],"3D":[42],"using":[45],"a":[46,75,122,126],"graphical":[47,76],"model":[48,77,112],"which":[50],"relationships":[52],"between":[53],"parts":[56,154],"are":[57,94],"represented":[58],"conditional":[60],"probability":[61],"distributions.":[62],"We":[63],"formulate":[64],"problem":[68],"as":[69],"one":[70],"probabilistic":[72],"inference":[73],"over":[74],"where":[78],"random":[80,108],"variables":[81,109],"correspond":[82],"to":[83,150],"individual":[85],"limb":[86],"parameters":[87],"(position":[88],"orientation).":[90],"Because":[91],"limbs":[93],"described":[95],"6-dimensional":[97],"vectors":[98],"encoding":[99],"3-space,":[102],"discretization":[103],"impractical":[105],"our":[111],"must":[113],"be":[114],"continuous-valued.":[115],"approximate":[117],"belief":[118],"propagation":[119],"such":[121],"graph":[123],"recently":[127],"introduced":[128],"generalization":[129],"particle":[132],"filter.":[133],"This":[134],"framework":[135],"facilitates":[136],"automatic":[138],"initialization":[139],"body-model":[142],"from":[143],"low":[144],"level":[145],"cues":[146],"robust":[149],"occlusion":[151],"scene":[156],"clutter.":[157],"1":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}