{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116390868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","title":"The immunological effects of thought suppression.","display_name":"The immunological effects of thought suppression.","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116390868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","mag":"2116390868","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9866186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064734898","display_name":"Keith J. Petrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-2480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-2480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith J. Petrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand. kj.petrie@auckland.ac.nz","U Auckland, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioural Science, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand. kj.petrie@auckland.ac.nz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Auckland, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science, Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioural Science, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roger J. Booth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger J. Booth","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062276512","display_name":"James W. Pennebaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-214X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-214X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James W. Pennebaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychiatry"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychiatry","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":301,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98795526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"5","first_page":"1264","last_page":"1272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.5356000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.5356000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.3012999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11334","display_name":"Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments","score":0.05270000174641609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thought-suppression","display_name":"thought suppression","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-regulation","display_name":"emotion regulation","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-effects","display_name":"immunological effects","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-t-cells","display_name":"CD4+ T cells","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd3-t-cells","display_name":"CD3+ T cells","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-writing","display_name":"emotional writing","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-emotions","display_name":"negative emotions","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-function","display_name":"immune function","score":0.3330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7930300235748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39306721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3495864","display_name":"Thought suppression","level":3,"score":0.6981019973754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780374836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012938","display_name":"Expressive Suppression","level":4,"score":0.6236862540245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.6051823496818542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.5694395303726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5414552688598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5337121486663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777761686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715347","display_name":"Lymphocyte","level":2,"score":0.5026443004608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4501197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141187","display_name":"Cognitive reappraisal","level":3,"score":0.43768009543418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34563201665878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3196367621421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.19384554028511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12369179725646973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10339435935020447}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008214","descriptor_name":"Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011598","descriptor_name":"Psychoneuroimmunology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012094","descriptor_name":"Repression, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013337","descriptor_name":"Students, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013601","descriptor_name":"T-Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018655","descriptor_name":"Lymphocyte Count","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018791","descriptor_name":"CD4 Lymphocyte Count","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.5.1264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9866186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9866186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of personality and social psychology","raw_type":"Clinical Trial"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1787413850","display_name":"INTERPERSONAL DISCLOSURE PROCESSES AND HEALTH","funder_award_id":"R01MH052391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493447953","https://openalex.org/W1767956543","https://openalex.org/W1966743965","https://openalex.org/W1969030536","https://openalex.org/W1992433314","https://openalex.org/W1993688323","https://openalex.org/W2005144817","https://openalex.org/W2016737068","https://openalex.org/W2030581904","https://openalex.org/W2030767477","https://openalex.org/W2031186079","https://openalex.org/W2032979121","https://openalex.org/W2033521880","https://openalex.org/W2037576759","https://openalex.org/W2042151798","https://openalex.org/W2042513952","https://openalex.org/W2042705882","https://openalex.org/W2043699676","https://openalex.org/W2056473508","https://openalex.org/W2057551369","https://openalex.org/W2059159121","https://openalex.org/W2060468894","https://openalex.org/W2062473505","https://openalex.org/W2063681043","https://openalex.org/W2067221825","https://openalex.org/W2071381819","https://openalex.org/W2077539080","https://openalex.org/W2081820139","https://openalex.org/W2086377599","https://openalex.org/W2089463658","https://openalex.org/W2091094291","https://openalex.org/W2107486018","https://openalex.org/W2110843086","https://openalex.org/W2111593351","https://openalex.org/W2113864148","https://openalex.org/W2114589470","https://openalex.org/W2121013564","https://openalex.org/W2152602335","https://openalex.org/W2159383898","https://openalex.org/W2165423436","https://openalex.org/W2322833038","https://openalex.org/W2489708057","https://openalex.org/W2491507106","https://openalex.org/W2796098481","https://openalex.org/W2986246847","https://openalex.org/W3217134939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W177111186","https://openalex.org/W2141012322","https://openalex.org/W3017988765","https://openalex.org/W941373315","https://openalex.org/W1971399204","https://openalex.org/W2139080938","https://openalex.org/W2028352053","https://openalex.org/W7095551235","https://openalex.org/W1977165924","https://openalex.org/W2120224548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individuals":[0],"often":[1],"suppress":[2],"emotional":[3,53,92],"thoughts,":[4],"particularly":[5],"thoughts":[6],"that":[7],"arouse":[8],"negative":[9],"emotions,":[10],"as":[11],"a":[12,37,77,99],"way":[13],"of":[14,33,46,109,115,120],"regulating":[15],"mood":[16],"and":[17,27,30,66,84,118],"reducing":[18],"distress.":[19],"However,":[20],"recent":[21],"work":[22],"has":[23],"highlighted":[24],"the":[25,42,91,110,113,116],"complexities":[26],"unexpected":[28],"cognitive":[29],"physiological":[31],"effects":[32,45],"thought":[34,47,60],"suppression.":[35,61],"In":[36],"study":[38],"designed":[39],"to":[40],"examine":[41],"short-term":[43],"immunological":[44],"suppression,":[48],"participants":[49],"wrote":[50],"about":[51],"either":[52],"or":[54,58],"nonemotional":[55],"topics":[56],"with":[57],"without":[59],"Blood":[62],"was":[63],"drawn":[64],"before":[65],"after":[67],"each":[68],"experimental":[69],"session":[70],"on":[71],"3":[72],"consecutive":[73],"days.":[74],"Results":[75],"showed":[76],"significant":[78,100],"increase":[79],"in":[80,90,98,102,122],"circulating":[81],"total":[82],"lymphocytes":[83],"CD4":[85],"(helper)":[86],"T":[87,104],"lymphocyte":[88,105],"levels":[89],"writing":[93],"groups.":[94],"Thought":[95],"suppression":[96,119],"resulted":[97],"decrease":[101],"CD3":[103],"levels.":[106],"The":[107],"implications":[108],"results":[111],"for":[112],"role":[114],"expression":[117],"emotion":[121],"health":[123],"are":[124],"discussed.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}