{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116327752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","title":"Mitigating Underinvestment Through an IT-Enabled Organization Form","display_name":"Mitigating Underinvestment Through an IT-Enabled Organization Form","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116327752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","mag":"2116327752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206124708","display_name":"Organization Science","issn_l":"1047-7039","issn":["1047-7039","1526-5455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022016569","display_name":"Barrie R. Nault","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7856-885X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7856-885X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barrie R. Nault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Management, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92717"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Management, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92717","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022016569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98217122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"223","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12933","display_name":"Franchising Strategies and Performance","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.03240000084042549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.02319999970495701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchising","display_name":"franchising","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-technology","display_name":"information technology","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/franchisor-franchisee-relationship","display_name":"franchisor-franchisee relationship","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit-sharing","display_name":"profit sharing","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-and-hierarchy","display_name":"market and hierarchy","score":0.3790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778440429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171947","display_name":"Franchise","level":2,"score":0.7147176861763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6699551343917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.642573356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.5904356241226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5802319645881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.5794805884361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96219163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649124","display_name":"Network effect","level":2,"score":0.5022642612457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59218005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027571","display_name":"Horizontal and vertical","level":2,"score":0.48331332206726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4758186936378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.44159752130508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3071451187133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.11911153793334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.3.223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206124708","display_name":"Organization Science","issn_l":"1047-7039","issn":["1047-7039","1526-5455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organization Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3121735362","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ucalgary.scholaris.ca:1880/50459","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402261","display_name":"Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","host_organization_name":"University of Calgary","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"doi:10.11575/prism/28749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11575/prism/28749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11575/prism/28749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402261","display_name":"Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","host_organization_name":"University of Calgary","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3121735362","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2609114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323180","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502487491","https://openalex.org/W1972698480","https://openalex.org/W1987016659","https://openalex.org/W1990513740","https://openalex.org/W1992491202","https://openalex.org/W2016613429","https://openalex.org/W2035438980","https://openalex.org/W2063357317","https://openalex.org/W2070639717","https://openalex.org/W2099298627","https://openalex.org/W2146405903","https://openalex.org/W3125799873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6941022931","https://openalex.org/W2135134096","https://openalex.org/W2127044323","https://openalex.org/W3124875951","https://openalex.org/W1625209777","https://openalex.org/W1964713805","https://openalex.org/W7097401375","https://openalex.org/W4313445289","https://openalex.org/W2165709332","https://openalex.org/W2402882523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Information":[0],"technology":[1],"(IT)":[2],"enables":[3],"a":[4,20,108],"new":[5],"refinement":[6,59],"of":[7,23,47,64,105,110,133,148,223,237],"the":[8,31,51,62,84,138,146,161,177,186,205],"horizontal":[9,33,52,140,219],"network":[10,34,53],"organization.":[11],"We":[12],"show":[13,56],"that":[14,58,86,150,163],"IT":[15,173],"can":[16,36,60,190,198,209],"be":[17,37,156,191,199,210,240],"applied":[18],"to":[19,49,77,88,160,217,239],"hybrid":[21],"form":[22],"market":[24],"and":[25,28,55,122,188,207,227],"hierarchy,":[26],"franchising,":[27],"demonstrate":[29],"how":[30,57],"resulting":[32],"organization":[35,40,54],"an":[38,80,167],"improved":[39],"form.":[41],"Specifically,":[42],"we":[43],"use":[44],"IT-enabled":[45],"\u201cownership":[46],"customers\u201d":[48],"refine":[50],"alleviate":[61],"problem":[63],"franchise":[65,74],"underinvestment":[66],"in":[67,79,100,166,201],"traditional":[68,71],"franchising.":[69],"In":[70],"franchising":[72],"each":[73],"underinvests":[75],"relative":[76],"investments":[78],"integrated":[81,168],"firm":[82],"because":[83],"benefits":[85,124],"accrue":[87],"other":[89],"franchises":[90,126,136,154],"from":[91],"its":[92,101],"investment":[93,102,149],"(horizontal":[94],"externalities)":[95],"are":[96,151,175,230],"not":[97,159],"accounted":[98],"for":[99,137,235],"decision.":[103],"Ownership":[104],"customers":[106,113,134,224,238],"is":[107,179,225],"combination":[109],"identifying":[111],"individual":[112,115],"with":[114],"franchises,":[116,121],"monitoring":[117],"customer":[118],"transactions":[119,232],"across":[120],"transferring":[123],"between":[125,233],"based":[127],"on":[128],"those":[129],"transactions.":[130],"Because":[131],"ownership":[132,222,236],"rewards":[135],"beneficial":[139],"externalities":[141],"generated":[142],"by":[143,153],"their":[144],"investments,":[145],"levels":[147,162],"chosen":[152],"may":[155],"increased,":[157],"although":[158],"would":[164],"occur":[165],"firm.":[169],"As":[170],"long":[171],"as":[172],"costs":[174],"covered,":[176],"franchisor":[178,187,206],"always":[180],"more":[181,193,212],"profitable":[182],"and,":[183],"if":[184,196],"necessary,":[185],"franchisees":[189,208],"jointly":[192],"profitable.":[194,213],"Consequently,":[195],"profits":[197],"redistributed":[200],"lump-sum":[202],"form,":[203],"then":[204],"individually":[211],"The":[214],"analysis":[215],"applies":[216],"all":[218],"organizations":[220],"where":[221,228],"feasible":[226],"there":[229],"sufficient":[231],"units":[234],"worthwhile.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}