{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116215907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","title":"Third Generation Computer Systems","display_name":"Third Generation Computer Systems","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116215907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","mag":"2116215907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/356593.356595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/356593.356595","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/356593.356595","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042447314","display_name":"Peter James Denning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-2305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-2305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter J. Denning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042447314"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.8133,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99552573,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"175","last_page":"216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.7925000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.7925000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.05900000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system-abstractions","display_name":"operating system abstractions","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system-design","display_name":"operating system design","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"computer architecture","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8575164079666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018907156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7785058","display_name":"Third generation","level":2,"score":0.63538658618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.41987907886505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.37804752588272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.35292690992355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3408881425857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08148476481437683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/356593.356595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/356593.356595","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.91.7095","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.91.7095","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://community.corest.com/~ek/fis/p175-denning.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/356593.356595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/356593.356595","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/356593.356595","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309070","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309292","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310419","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2116215907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2116215907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093036","https://openalex.org/W42745689","https://openalex.org/W183786663","https://openalex.org/W1480724856","https://openalex.org/W1482718919","https://openalex.org/W1504118709","https://openalex.org/W1559644736","https://openalex.org/W1732713564","https://openalex.org/W1964759610","https://openalex.org/W1965646691","https://openalex.org/W1976861109","https://openalex.org/W1981589974","https://openalex.org/W1983593351","https://openalex.org/W1984479822","https://openalex.org/W1984970810","https://openalex.org/W1987225815","https://openalex.org/W1990695936","https://openalex.org/W1991307533","https://openalex.org/W2005533555","https://openalex.org/W2008134361","https://openalex.org/W2011016867","https://openalex.org/W2014580550","https://openalex.org/W2018073438","https://openalex.org/W2019405494","https://openalex.org/W2021845215","https://openalex.org/W2023907376","https://openalex.org/W2036272137","https://openalex.org/W2039505335","https://openalex.org/W2039567287","https://openalex.org/W2039804807","https://openalex.org/W2042122683","https://openalex.org/W2043838309","https://openalex.org/W2048397104","https://openalex.org/W2049336278","https://openalex.org/W2057621522","https://openalex.org/W2059881462","https://openalex.org/W2062812846","https://openalex.org/W2070683379","https://openalex.org/W2080119906","https://openalex.org/W2080340258","https://openalex.org/W2084895645","https://openalex.org/W2085130766","https://openalex.org/W2097987089","https://openalex.org/W2103444363","https://openalex.org/W2104508180","https://openalex.org/W2113350481","https://openalex.org/W2113595478","https://openalex.org/W2117550138","https://openalex.org/W2119635374","https://openalex.org/W2133384447","https://openalex.org/W2133828283","https://openalex.org/W2133902468","https://openalex.org/W2134594099","https://openalex.org/W2135373504","https://openalex.org/W2141653733","https://openalex.org/W2142098074","https://openalex.org/W2149674691","https://openalex.org/W2154820888","https://openalex.org/W2155474496","https://openalex.org/W2156041286","https://openalex.org/W2163866623","https://openalex.org/W2164155474","https://openalex.org/W2164705534","https://openalex.org/W2165441886","https://openalex.org/W2165986112","https://openalex.org/W2170523074","https://openalex.org/W2177345661","https://openalex.org/W2179246790","https://openalex.org/W2182780382","https://openalex.org/W2293221651","https://openalex.org/W2294580796","https://openalex.org/W2528301926","https://openalex.org/W4235336266","https://openalex.org/W4237211384","https://openalex.org/W4249212548","https://openalex.org/W4294549613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095498415","https://openalex.org/W1998607684","https://openalex.org/W1487184349","https://openalex.org/W4415970825","https://openalex.org/W64220790","https://openalex.org/W7208176260","https://openalex.org/W4251854872","https://openalex.org/W2093004366","https://openalex.org/W2269746783","https://openalex.org/W2021649563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44],"common":[1,18],"features":[2],"of":[3,29,33,47,62],"third":[4,63],"generation":[5,64],"operating":[6,30],"systems":[7,35,65],"are":[8,36,42,51],"surveyed":[9],"from":[10],"a":[11,27],"general":[12],"view,":[13],"with":[14],"emphasis":[15],"on":[16],"the":[17,24,53],"abstractions":[19],"that":[20],"constitute":[21],"at":[22],"least":[23],"basis":[25],"for":[26],"\u201ctheory\u201d":[28],"systems.":[31],"Properties":[32],"specific":[34],"not":[37],"discussed":[38],"except":[39],"where":[40],"examples":[41],"useful.":[43],"technical":[45],"aspects":[46,55],"issues":[48],"and":[49],"concepts":[50],"stressed,":[52],"nontechnical":[54],"mentioned":[56],"only":[57],"briefly.":[58],"A":[59],"perfunctory":[60],"knowledge":[61],"is":[66],"presumed.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}