{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116186232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.720362","title":"Covariance analysis of time delay estimates for strained signals","display_name":"Covariance analysis of time delay estimates for strained signals","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116186232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.720362","mag":"2116186232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/78.720362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.720362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.720362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042036265","display_name":"Mehmet Bilgen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-2021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5671-2021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128618","display_name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036c9yv20","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Bilgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA","Dept. of Radiol., Kansas Univ. Med. Center, Kansas City, KS, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Radiol., Kansas Univ. Med. Center, Kansas City, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048629954","display_name":"Michael F. Insana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-0298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-0298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128618","display_name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036c9yv20","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.F. Insana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA","University of Kansas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82386515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"10","first_page":"2589","last_page":"2600"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-estimation","display_name":"time delay estimation","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analysis-of-covariance","display_name":"covariance analysis","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastography","display_name":"elastography","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-echo-signals","display_name":"ultrasonic echo signals","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-imaging","display_name":"strain imaging","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-decorrelation","display_name":"signal decorrelation","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-bandwidth-product","display_name":"time-bandwidth product","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-rate","display_name":"strain rate","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-variance","display_name":"delay variance","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177860922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788608","display_name":"Decorrelation","level":2,"score":0.8633935451507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.75444495677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.676456868648529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.48440390825271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4750371277332306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.47434842586517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4558294415473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44226551055908203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.44057127833366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4276413321495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3841628432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35354483127593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34393736720085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21243998408317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1745971143245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12586736679077148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/78.720362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.720362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.720362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130150993","https://openalex.org/W603714379","https://openalex.org/W626427215","https://openalex.org/W1576581834","https://openalex.org/W1970571345","https://openalex.org/W1974915238","https://openalex.org/W1978807957","https://openalex.org/W1986020814","https://openalex.org/W2024789728","https://openalex.org/W2029521171","https://openalex.org/W2035257046","https://openalex.org/W2035978533","https://openalex.org/W2044310882","https://openalex.org/W2046006334","https://openalex.org/W2046317813","https://openalex.org/W2061944502","https://openalex.org/W2100471625","https://openalex.org/W2104289161","https://openalex.org/W2104664785","https://openalex.org/W2122635992","https://openalex.org/W2129884298","https://openalex.org/W2145998817","https://openalex.org/W2151074414","https://openalex.org/W2165734098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069020524","https://openalex.org/W3184040229","https://openalex.org/W1983090459","https://openalex.org/W2097053790","https://openalex.org/W1984647820","https://openalex.org/W2109576305","https://openalex.org/W2080174085","https://openalex.org/W2032898380","https://openalex.org/W2172125068","https://openalex.org/W2139363742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimates":[0],"of":[1,9,16,20,47,77,95,102,158,202,210],"time-varying":[2],"delays":[3,36],"from":[4,38,62,167,172,208],"the":[5,14,32,48,75,93,99,156,194,211],"ultrasonic":[6,59,82],"echo":[7,41,130],"signals":[8],"compressed":[10],"biological":[11],"media":[12],"are":[13],"basis":[15],"a":[17,109,151],"new":[18],"type":[19],"medical":[21],"imaging":[22],"known":[23],"as":[24],"elastography.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"is":[28,98],"focused":[29],"on":[30,81],"predicting":[31],"covariance":[33,80,179,195],"between":[34,108],"time":[35,78,100,122,159,215],"estimated":[37],"sequential":[39],"Gaussian-weighted":[40],"segments":[42,146],"that":[43],"overlap.":[44],"The":[45,106],"accuracy":[46],"analysis":[49],"was":[50,114,137,153],"tested":[51],"and":[52,67,92,110,214],"improved":[53],"by":[54,176],"comparisons":[55],"with":[56,141,182],"measurements":[57],"involving":[58],"waveforms":[60,131],"simulated":[61],"independent":[63],"band-limited":[64],"Gaussian":[65],"signal":[66,119,173],"noise":[68,169,205],"spectra.":[69],"Data":[70],"were":[71,147,206],"generated":[72],"to":[73,139],"explore":[74],"dependence":[76],"delay":[79,123,135,160,165,216],"signal-to-noise":[83],"ratio,":[84],"time-bandwidth":[85],"product":[86],"W,":[87,163],"fractional":[88],"bandwidth,":[89],"window":[90,184],"separation,":[91],"amount":[94],"strain":[96,133,203],"(a":[97],"rate":[101],"change":[103],"in":[104,155],"delay).":[105],"relationship":[107],"other":[111],"experimental":[112,212],"parameters":[113,213],"crucial":[115],"for":[116,198],"understanding":[117],"how":[118],"decorrelation":[120,174],"affects":[121],"error":[124],"and,":[125],"ultimately,":[126],"elastographic":[127],"noise.":[128],"For":[129],"without":[132],"(a=0),":[134],"variance":[136,161],"found":[138,154],"decrease":[140],"W.":[142],"However,":[143],"when":[144,188],"waveform":[145],"strained":[148],"(a/spl":[149],"ne/0)":[150],"minimum":[152],"plot":[157],"versus":[162],"where":[164],"errors":[166],"additive":[168],"equaled":[170],"those":[171],"caused":[175],"strain.":[177],"Delay":[178],"decreased":[180],"monotonically":[181],"increasing":[183],"separation":[185],"(less":[186],"overlap)":[187],"a=0.":[189],"When":[190],"a/spl":[191],"ne/0,":[192],"however,":[193],"became":[196],"negative":[197],"large":[199],"separations.":[200],"Properties":[201],"image":[204],"predicted":[207],"knowledge":[209],"errors.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}