{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116156987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","title":"Adaptive design of confirmatory trials: Advances and challenges","display_name":"Adaptive design of confirmatory trials: Advances and challenges","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116156987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","mag":"2116156987","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26079372","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4639447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63040059","display_name":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","issn_l":"1551-7144","issn":["1551-7144","1559-2030"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109568731","display_name":"Tze Leung Lai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tze Leung Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: lait@stanford.edu","Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: lait@stanford.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038739415","display_name":"Philip William Lavori","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip W. Lavori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024737344","display_name":"Ka Wai Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9383-4455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9383-4455"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ka Wai Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","[Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109568731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3140},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5602,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94583623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"Pt A","first_page":"93","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-design","display_name":"adaptive design","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmatory-trials","display_name":"confirmatory trials","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial-design","display_name":"clinical trial design","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-barriers","display_name":"implementation barriers","score":0.8579999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982777018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99268086","display_name":"Adaptive design","level":3,"score":0.6689313650131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6306333541870117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.5702420473098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.556917130947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.4869147539138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4863777458667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148482608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018","display_name":"Clinical study design","level":3,"score":0.4801301658153534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4497411847114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4471141993999481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.36936262249946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3545699119567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2808147072792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16070443391799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10907489061355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07679510116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014486","descriptor_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017322","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017326","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018401","descriptor_name":"Sample Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63040059","display_name":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","issn_l":"1551-7144","issn":["1551-7144","1559-2030"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26079372","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26079372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary clinical trials","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4639447","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4639447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Contemp Clin Trials","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63040059","display_name":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","issn_l":"1551-7144","issn":["1551-7144","1559-2030"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2802423772","display_name":"Spectrum Stanford Center for clinical and Translational Research and Education","funder_award_id":"UL1TR001085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2828153424","display_name":"Stanford Center for Clinical and Translational Education and Research (SCCTER)UL1","funder_award_id":"UL1RR025744","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5028645295","display_name":"Statistical Methodology and Applications to Economics, Engineering and Genetics","funder_award_id":"1106535","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7497372937","display_name":"Interim Analysis and Other Topics in Biostatistics","funder_award_id":"R01CA088890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000859589","display_name":"Stanford Cancer Institute","funder_award_id":"P30CA124435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105751747","https://openalex.org/W142956860","https://openalex.org/W403281140","https://openalex.org/W611528516","https://openalex.org/W651652324","https://openalex.org/W1569320505","https://openalex.org/W1937410663","https://openalex.org/W1969525589","https://openalex.org/W1973885534","https://openalex.org/W1980720473","https://openalex.org/W1983457157","https://openalex.org/W1986502618","https://openalex.org/W1991778780","https://openalex.org/W1996756377","https://openalex.org/W2001203833","https://openalex.org/W2003281895","https://openalex.org/W2004275808","https://openalex.org/W2004547210","https://openalex.org/W2005494948","https://openalex.org/W2009126795","https://openalex.org/W2009551863","https://openalex.org/W2012393478","https://openalex.org/W2013600972","https://openalex.org/W2020232974","https://openalex.org/W2028261555","https://openalex.org/W2030557009","https://openalex.org/W2031606532","https://openalex.org/W2033969681","https://openalex.org/W2034478315","https://openalex.org/W2039019889","https://openalex.org/W2039522160","https://openalex.org/W2041483184","https://openalex.org/W2046381010","https://openalex.org/W2046945363","https://openalex.org/W2047612764","https://openalex.org/W2048014796","https://openalex.org/W2050775832","https://openalex.org/W2055750917","https://openalex.org/W2066787199","https://openalex.org/W2075704231","https://openalex.org/W2076944696","https://openalex.org/W2091094663","https://openalex.org/W2094615848","https://openalex.org/W2099107563","https://openalex.org/W2102530835","https://openalex.org/W2110443067","https://openalex.org/W2115840402","https://openalex.org/W2117897510","https://openalex.org/W2119190259","https://openalex.org/W2119542322","https://openalex.org/W2126728600","https://openalex.org/W2127182852","https://openalex.org/W2129512582","https://openalex.org/W2131571028","https://openalex.org/W2137056069","https://openalex.org/W2139024834","https://openalex.org/W2139621750","https://openalex.org/W2144526746","https://openalex.org/W2146443789","https://openalex.org/W2146671770","https://openalex.org/W2150459557","https://openalex.org/W2153062773","https://openalex.org/W2155291829","https://openalex.org/W2171058244","https://openalex.org/W2171991128","https://openalex.org/W2317796296","https://openalex.org/W2331139255","https://openalex.org/W2469502808","https://openalex.org/W2544578848","https://openalex.org/W4255282583","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605856556"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2167215252","https://openalex.org/W1983364250","https://openalex.org/W3046522389","https://openalex.org/W2171364060","https://openalex.org/W2189182632","https://openalex.org/W4241179520","https://openalex.org/W1963500177","https://openalex.org/W2144024999","https://openalex.org/W2030526274","https://openalex.org/W2476546656"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
