{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116129200","doi":null,"title":"Site of medical care: do racial and ethnic differences persist?","display_name":"Site of medical care: do racial and ethnic differences persist?","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116129200","mag":"2116129200","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12669319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:12669319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12669319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yale journal of health policy, law, and ethics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=271717","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051308915","display_name":"Marsha Lillie-Blanton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Lillie-Blanton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102104003","display_name":"Rose Marie Martinez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R M Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088479153","display_name":"Alina N. Salganicoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-9640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-9640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Salganicoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University  ;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University  ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3521,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9383433,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"15","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.8159000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.8159000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.14059999585151672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-utilization","display_name":"health care utilization","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatient-care","display_name":"outpatient care","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-americans","display_name":"Hispanic Americans","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-segregation-in-health-care","display_name":"racial segregation in health care","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-provider-relationship","display_name":"patient-provider relationship","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/referral-networks","display_name":"referral networks","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-care","display_name":"quality of care","score":0.4000000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7579560279846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.665865421295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.5603043437004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5242559","display_name":"Referral","level":2,"score":0.5235533118247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.47772476077079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104977270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000306","display_name":"Race and health","level":4,"score":0.4751037359237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.429008811712265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4111268222332001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3819856345653534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3266197443008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2935609221458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2548972964286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2532346844673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2240559458732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.15291202068328857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016013","descriptor_name":"Likelihood Functions","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:12669319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12669319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yale journal of health policy, law, and ethics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.yale.edu:yjhple-1001","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjhple/vol1/iss1/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3126105962","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=271717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/944499","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/944499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:229917","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2116129200","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12669319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3126105962","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=271717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30311218","https://openalex.org/W152144363","https://openalex.org/W293149033","https://openalex.org/W1987524575","https://openalex.org/W2071656886","https://openalex.org/W2083807323","https://openalex.org/W2103985357","https://openalex.org/W2122948174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496641532","https://openalex.org/W2103985357","https://openalex.org/W908869381","https://openalex.org/W2037981214","https://openalex.org/W92097716","https://openalex.org/W119836476","https://openalex.org/W7095877116","https://openalex.org/W7118088635","https://openalex.org/W1563770343","https://openalex.org/W2586958355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prior":[0],"to":[1,64,91,245,304,316],"the":[2,66,87,94,107,163,166,174,188,205,217,235,243,251,261,275,295,301,308,311],"1960s,":[3],"Americans":[4,31,75],"generally":[5],"obtained":[6],"health":[7,15,35,111,130,134,158,264],"care":[8,83,112,131,159,192,232,236,255,265,281,324],"in":[9,103,106,129,187,204,250,294],"racially":[10,79],"segregated":[11,80],"facilities":[12],"or":[13,21,171,173,179,210],"from":[14],"providers":[16],"of":[17,48,50,68,82,110,165,191,207,219,231,242,253,260,263,278,282,300,310,321],"their":[18,34],"own":[19],"race":[20],"ethnicity.":[22],"Racial,":[23],"geographic,":[24],"and":[25,56,116,133,197,216,226,286],"economic":[26,169],"factors":[27,143],"influenced":[28],"where":[29,322],"minority":[30,74,123,198],"could":[32],"get":[33],"care.":[36,208],"Minority":[37],"Americans,":[38,285],"who":[39],"were":[40,62,86],"disproportionately":[41],"low":[42],"income,":[43],"relied":[44,77],"on":[45,162,270],"a":[46,69,318],"combination":[47],"sources":[49,81,109,190,230,277],"care,":[51,59],"such":[52,221],"as":[53,118,120,222],"public":[54],"hospitals":[55],"private":[57,70],"charity":[58],"because":[60,84],"they":[61],"unable":[63],"afford":[65],"cost":[67],"doctor.":[71],"Even":[72],"middle-income":[73],"largely":[76],"upon":[78],"these":[85,138,145],"only":[88],"options":[89],"available":[90],"them.":[92],"In":[93],"past":[95],"four":[96],"decades,":[97],"substantial":[98],"progress":[99],"has":[100],"been":[101],"made":[102],"reducing":[104],"differences":[105,146,186,248],"major":[108,276],"used":[113,193],"by":[114,194],"whites":[115],"blacks,":[117],"well":[119,141,149],"other":[121],"racial/ethnic":[122,127,247],"groups.":[124],"Nonetheless,":[125],"striking":[126],"disparities":[128,139,160],"use":[132],"outcomes":[135],"persist.":[136],"While":[137],"are":[140,147],"documented,":[142],"underlying":[144],"not":[148],"understood.":[150],"The":[151,298],"most":[152],"frequently":[153],"advanced":[154],"explanations":[155],"for":[156],"current":[157],"focus":[161],"characteristics":[164],"patient":[167],"(e.g.,":[168,177],"conditions":[170],"preferences)":[172],"individual":[175],"provider":[176],"competence":[178],"biases).":[180],"However,":[181],"it":[182],"is":[183,303,325],"conceivable":[184],"that":[185,237],"primary":[189,319],"white":[195],"patients":[196,199,238],"might":[200],"explain":[201],"some":[202],"variations":[203],"content":[206],"Structural":[209],"institutional":[211],"factors-patient-provider":[212],"relationships,":[213],"referral":[214],"networks,":[215],"availability":[218],"resources":[220],"highly":[223],"trained":[224],"staff":[225],"state-of-the-art":[227],"technology-of":[228],"varying":[229],"may":[233],"influence":[234],"obtain.":[239],"Improving":[240],"knowledge":[241],"extent":[244],"which":[246],"persist":[249],"site":[252],"medical":[254,280,323],"will":[256],"inform":[257],"future":[258],"investigations":[259],"causes":[262],"disparities.":[266],"This":[267],"study,":[268],"based":[269],"original":[271],"research,":[272],"examines":[273],"whether":[274],"ambulatory":[279],"whites,":[283],"African":[284],"Latinos,":[287],"given":[288],"similar":[289],"insurance":[290],"coverage,":[291],"differ":[292],"substantially":[293],"United":[296],"States.":[297],"intent":[299],"study":[302],"assess":[305],"whether,":[306],"at":[307],"start":[309],"twenty-first":[312],"century,":[313],"race/ethnicity":[314],"continues":[315],"be":[317],"determinant":[320],"obtained.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
