{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115456263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","title":"Rudolf Buchheim and the Beginning of Pharmacology as a Science","display_name":"Rudolf Buchheim and the Beginning of Pharmacology as a Science","publication_year":1974,"publication_date":"1974-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115456263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","mag":"2115456263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211198","display_name":"Annual Review of Pharmacology","issn_l":"0066-4251","issn":["0066-4251","2331-1053"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081049813","display_name":"Ernst R. Habermann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernst R. Habermann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081049813"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28304569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.676800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.676800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14275","display_name":"Historical Medical Research and Treatments","score":0.2583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.05009999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-pharmacology","display_name":"history of pharmacology","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century-medicine","display_name":"19th-century medicine","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.37400001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.473153680562973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.37280261516571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3714810311794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16774335503578186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.14.040174.000245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211198","display_name":"Annual Review of Pharmacology","issn_l":"0066-4251","issn":["0066-4251","2331-1053"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031348306","https://openalex.org/W7110653974","https://openalex.org/W2024118129","https://openalex.org/W1976256385","https://openalex.org/W6910863873","https://openalex.org/W4252218046","https://openalex.org/W1998558081","https://openalex.org/W3006357862","https://openalex.org/W4205506022","https://openalex.org/W576657054"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
