{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115353073","doi":null,"title":"Context-Dependent Classes in a Hybrid Recurrent Network-HMM Speech Recognition System","display_name":"Context-Dependent Classes in a Hybrid Recurrent Network-HMM Speech Recognition System","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115353073","mag":"2115353073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.49.8984","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.49.8984","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk/pub/reports/kershaw_nips95.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088290373","display_name":"D.J. Kershaw","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Kershaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Cambridge, England#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Cambridge, England#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anthony J. Robinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony J. Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Cambridge, England#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Cambridge, England#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033267564","display_name":"Mike M. Hochberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.M. Hochberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuance Communications, Menlo Park, CA and Cambridge University, Engineering Department, Cambridge, England#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuance Communications, Menlo Park, CA and Cambridge University, Engineering Department, Cambridge, England#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90188398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"750","last_page":"756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-networks","display_name":"recurrent neural networks","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate-reduction","display_name":"word error rate reduction","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-speed","display_name":"decoding speed","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-network-architecture","display_name":"modular network architecture","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7687796354293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7559659481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.7478311061859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6863788366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.6526246070861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.611897349357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6064702272415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5856624245643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.547325611114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4639529585838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.438656747341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3512115478515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3482140898704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12262144684791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1033385694026947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.49.8984","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.49.8984","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk/pub/reports/kershaw_nips95.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2115353073","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nips.cc/paper/1039-context-dependent-classes-in-a-hybrid-recurrent-network-hmm-speech-recognition-system.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606243","display_name":"neural information processing systems","issn_l":"1049-5258","issn":["1049-5258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Information Processing Systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86969866","https://openalex.org/W161810042","https://openalex.org/W811578723","https://openalex.org/W1746442789","https://openalex.org/W1808825387","https://openalex.org/W1953567190","https://openalex.org/W2025653905","https://openalex.org/W2110871230","https://openalex.org/W2117462502","https://openalex.org/W2144578449","https://openalex.org/W2147627917","https://openalex.org/W2158069733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117419173","https://openalex.org/W7098706703","https://openalex.org/W7095928951","https://openalex.org/W2093794678","https://openalex.org/W2156919589","https://openalex.org/W237280690","https://openalex.org/W127916368","https://openalex.org/W2141014323","https://openalex.org/W2144578449","https://openalex.org/W2117318574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,16],"method":[1],"for":[2],"incorporating":[3],"context-dependent":[4,49],"phone":[5,31,51],"classes":[6,28],"in":[7,59,118],"a":[8,43],"connectionist-HMM":[9,106],"hybrid":[10,105,135],"speech":[11,124],"recognition":[12,125],"system":[13,70,91,107],"is":[14,19,92,137,141],"introduced.":[15],"modular":[17],"approach":[18],"adopted,":[20],"where":[21],"single-layer":[22],"networks":[23,39],"discriminate":[24],"between":[25],"different":[26],"context":[27,38],"given":[29],"the":[30,34,68,85,89,99,119],"class":[32],"and":[33,65,75],"acoustic":[35],"data.":[36],"The":[37,103],"are":[40],"combined":[41],"with":[42,110],"context-independent":[44],"(CI)":[45],"network":[46],"to":[47,82],"generate":[48],"(CD)":[50],"probability":[52],"estimates.":[53],"Experiments":[54],"show":[55],"an":[56],"average":[57],"reduction":[58],"word":[60,74,78],"error":[61],"rate":[62],"of":[63,88,123],"16%":[64],"13%":[66],"from":[67],"CI":[69,100],"on":[71],"ARPA":[72,121],"5,000":[73],"SQALE":[76],"20,000":[77],"tasks":[79],"respectively.":[80],"Due":[81],"improved":[83],"modelling,":[84],"decoding":[86],"speed":[87],"CD":[90],"more":[93],"than":[94],"twice":[95],"as":[96,98],"fast":[97],"system.":[101],"INTRODUCTION":[102],"abbot":[104],"performed":[108],"competitively":[109],"many":[111],"conventional":[112],"hidden":[113],"Markov":[114],"model":[115],"(HMM)":[116],"systems":[117,126],"1994":[120],"evaluations":[122],"(Hochberg,":[127],"Cook,":[128],"Renals,":[129],"Robinson":[130],"&":[131],"Schechtman":[132],"1995).":[133],"This":[134],"framework":[136],"attractive":[138],"because":[139],"it":[140],"compact,":[142],"having":[143],"far":[144],"f...":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}