{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115256296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","title":"An adaptive metabolic demand model for protein and amino acid requirements","display_name":"An adaptive metabolic demand model for protein and amino acid requirements","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115256296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","mag":"2115256296","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12908885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1079/bjn2003924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/104952E827857690EF97460D6EBAC089/S0007114503001247a.pdf/div-class-title-an-adaptive-metabolic-demand-model-for-protein-and-amino-acid-requirements-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4218381","display_name":"British Journal Of Nutrition","issn_l":"0007-1145","issn":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/104952E827857690EF97460D6EBAC089/S0007114503001247a.pdf/div-class-title-an-adaptive-metabolic-demand-model-for-protein-and-amino-acid-requirements-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078956486","display_name":"D. J. Millward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0736-8396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0736-8396"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. J. Millward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK. D.Millward@surrey.ac.uk","Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK. D.Millward@surrey.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078956486"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4199,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31910112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":"2","first_page":"249","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11399","display_name":"Muscle metabolism and nutrition","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11399","display_name":"Muscle metabolism and nutrition","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14242","display_name":"Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-requirements","display_name":"protein requirements","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amino-acid-requirements","display_name":"amino acid requirements","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-balance","display_name":"nitrogen balance","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-quality","display_name":"protein quality","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-deficiency","display_name":"protein deficiency","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-guidelines","display_name":"dietary guidelines","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.7026159167289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777560085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25105257","display_name":"Protein quality","level":2,"score":0.5060552954673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.43156805634498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.33111321926116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2946845293045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000596","descriptor_name":"Amino Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004044","descriptor_name":"Dietary Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004044","descriptor_name":"Dietary Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004734","descriptor_name":"Energy Metabolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007930","descriptor_name":"Leucine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009584","descriptor_name":"Nitrogen","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1079/bjn2003924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/104952E827857690EF97460D6EBAC089/S0007114503001247a.pdf/div-class-title-an-adaptive-metabolic-demand-model-for-protein-and-amino-acid-requirements-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4218381","display_name":"British Journal Of Nutrition","issn_l":"0007-1145","issn":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12908885","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12908885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of nutrition","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1079/bjn2003924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003924","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/104952E827857690EF97460D6EBAC089/S0007114503001247a.pdf/div-class-title-an-adaptive-metabolic-demand-model-for-protein-and-amino-acid-requirements-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4218381","display_name":"British Journal Of Nutrition","issn_l":"0007-1145","issn":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Nutrition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4359000027179718,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.4043000042438507,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2115256296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2115256296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70886552","https://openalex.org/W89707315","https://openalex.org/W98245353","https://openalex.org/W191609350","https://openalex.org/W1517444838","https://openalex.org/W1573943919","https://openalex.org/W1609393865","https://openalex.org/W1758875560","https://openalex.org/W1792369697","https://openalex.org/W1837363899","https://openalex.org/W1839306363","https://openalex.org/W1847534193","https://openalex.org/W1873681648","https://openalex.org/W1894470118","https://openalex.org/W1898778610","https://openalex.org/W1911963450","https://openalex.org/W1927276893","https://openalex.org/W1942862570","https://openalex.org/W1965890360","https://openalex.org/W1992023478","https://openalex.org/W2017622775","https://openalex.org/W2046348980","https://openalex.org/W2075734764","https://openalex.org/W2081756012","https://openalex.org/W2085592868","https://openalex.org/W2096173898","https://openalex.org/W2106815665","https://openalex.org/W2109202845","https://openalex.org/W2119574872","https://openalex.org/W2126068274","https://openalex.org/W2127432247","https://openalex.org/W2129473490","https://openalex.org/W2130507296","https://openalex.org/W2131590170","https://openalex.org/W2136203132","https://openalex.org/W2152106053","https://openalex.org/W2163623628","https://openalex.org/W2169555403","https://openalex.org/W2171162009","https://openalex.org/W2317166884","https://openalex.org/W2326798856","https://openalex.org/W2327691077","https://openalex.org/W2336078822","https://openalex.org/W2342151347","https://openalex.org/W2410697199","https://openalex.org/W2412802520","https://openalex.org/W2437484718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2312332051","https://openalex.org/W2126068274","https://openalex.org/W4239410622","https://openalex.org/W2055131908","https://openalex.org/W2101098201","https://openalex.org/W2765818535","https://openalex.org/W7128719775","https://openalex.org/W2128726388","https://openalex.org/W2460103008","https://openalex.org/W2132760921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,37,82],"shortcomings":[1],"of":[2,6,33,90,92,115,134,139,163,183,210,214,275,278,283,301,327,338],"the":[3,7,31,86,116,121,125,155,181,184,207,211,245,263,281,296,305],"metabolic":[4,40,118,127,223],"implications":[5],"current":[8,156,293],"protein":[9,35,64,135,140,302],"requirements":[10],"model":[11,38,83],"are":[12],"reviewed,":[13],"and":[14,28,51,99,129,132,201,266],"an":[15,109],"alternative":[16],"model,":[17,157],"validated":[18],"with":[19,70,221,227],"[1-(13)C]leucine":[20],"balance":[21,97,168,320,329],"results":[22],"in":[23,30,74,95],"human":[24,257],"adults,":[25],"is":[26,57,192,230],"presented":[27],"evaluated":[29],"context":[32,282],"defining":[34],"requirements.":[36,215],"identifies":[39],"demands":[41,224],"for":[42,85,158,249],"amino":[43,143],"acids":[44],"as":[45,233,335],"comprising":[46],"a":[47,52,71,189,234,238,241,272,313,336],"small":[48],"fixed":[49],"component":[50,55],"variable":[53],"adaptive":[54,117,126,246,264,306],"that":[56,112,191],"relatively":[58],"insensitive":[59],"to":[60,79,105,154,175,197,237,240,270,291,322],"acute":[61],"food":[62],"or":[63],"intake,":[65,75,228],"but":[66,195],"which":[67,146],"changes":[68],"slowly":[69],"sustained":[72],"change":[73,239],"enabling":[76],"N":[77,96,167,267,319,328],"equilibrium":[78,268],"be":[80,106,198,261,271,289,309,323,333],"achieved.":[81],"accounts":[84],"apparent":[87],"low":[88],"efficiency":[89,103],"utilisation":[91],"animal":[93],"proteins":[94],"studies":[98],"enables":[100],"more":[101],"realistic":[102],"values":[104,294],"measured":[107],"within":[108,244,262,304],"experimental":[110],"framework":[111],"takes":[113],"account":[114],"demand.":[119],"However,":[120,311],"complex":[122],"relationship":[123],"between":[124,199],"demand":[128],"habitual":[130],"level":[131],"quality":[133,141],"intake":[136,243],"prevents":[137],"prediction":[138],"by":[142],"acid":[144],"scoring,":[145],"can":[147,308,330],"markedly":[148],"underestimate":[149],"actual":[150],"values.":[151],"In":[152,280],"contrast":[153],"fully":[159],"adapted":[160],"individuals":[161],"risk":[162],"deficiency":[164,229],"(i.e.":[165],"negative":[166],"after":[169],"complete":[170],"adaptation)":[171],"will":[172,260],"only":[173,231],"start":[174],"increase":[176],"when":[177],"intakes":[178,217,259,303],"fall":[179],"below":[180],"range":[182,307],"true":[185],"minimum":[186],"requirements,":[187],"i.e.":[188],"value":[190],"currently":[193],"unknown,":[194],"likely":[196,232],"0.40":[200],"0.50":[202],"g/kg":[203],"per":[204],"d":[205],"at":[206],"lower":[208,242],"end":[209],"reported":[212],"distribution":[213],"At":[216],"greater":[218],"than":[219,318],"this":[220],"additional":[222],"varying":[225],"directly":[226],"short-term":[235],"response":[236],"range.":[247],"Thus,":[248],"adults":[250],"satisfying":[251],"energy":[252],"needs":[253],"on":[254],"most":[255],"mixed":[256],"diets,":[258],"range,":[265],"ceases":[269],"useful":[273],"indicator":[274],"nutritional":[276],"adequacy":[277],"protein.":[279],"prescriptive":[284],"dietary":[285],"guidelines":[286],"it":[287],"may":[288],"expedient":[290],"retain":[292],"until":[295],"benefits":[297],"(and":[298],"any":[299],"risks)":[300],"quantified.":[310],"from":[312],"diagnostic":[314],"perspective,":[315],"indicators":[316],"other":[317],"need":[321],"identified,":[324],"since":[325],"maintenance":[326],"no":[331],"longer":[332],"used":[334],"surrogate":[337],"adequate":[339],"protein-related":[340],"health.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}