{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113998636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","title":"Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Ch\u00e1vez's Misiones","display_name":"Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Ch\u00e1vez's Misiones","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113998636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","mag":"2113998636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195250056","display_name":"Latin American Politics and Society","issn_l":"1531-426X","issn":["1531-426X","1548-2456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Latin American Politics and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003573493","display_name":"Michael Penfold-Becerra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Penfold-Becerra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003573493"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.9816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99315184,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"04","first_page":"63","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10777","display_name":"Politics and Society in Latin America","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10777","display_name":"Politics and Society in Latin America","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13684","display_name":"Political Dynamics in Latin America","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clientelism","display_name":"clientelism","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-funds","display_name":"social funds","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misiones","display_name":"Misiones","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hugo-chavez","display_name":"Hugo Ch\u00e1vez","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venezuela","display_name":"Venezuela","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-competition","display_name":"electoral competition","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-constraints","display_name":"institutional constraints","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-manipulation","display_name":"political manipulation","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-targeting","display_name":"poverty targeting","score":0.36399999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543464","display_name":"Clientelism","level":4,"score":0.8765861988067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158886217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16799549","display_name":"Latin Americans","level":2,"score":0.7366807460784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5778113007545471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5620945692062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5325305461883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5080692768096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4755689203739166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.463474839925766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3751237392425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3638601303100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.34137147665023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2007419764995575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1421235203742981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00392.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195250056","display_name":"Latin American Politics and Society","issn_l":"1531-426X","issn":["1531-426X","1548-2456"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Latin American Politics and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/225192","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/225192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W906423861","https://openalex.org/W990406078","https://openalex.org/W1480490610","https://openalex.org/W1528358017","https://openalex.org/W1557755199","https://openalex.org/W1591769595","https://openalex.org/W1969935231","https://openalex.org/W1985356778","https://openalex.org/W2024168968","https://openalex.org/W2031893556","https://openalex.org/W2037425085","https://openalex.org/W2057094034","https://openalex.org/W2098887850","https://openalex.org/W2105309626","https://openalex.org/W2124298601","https://openalex.org/W2132667021","https://openalex.org/W2148333744","https://openalex.org/W2161004757","https://openalex.org/W2167267842","https://openalex.org/W2187786919","https://openalex.org/W2316998147","https://openalex.org/W2517712165","https://openalex.org/W3121270459","https://openalex.org/W3123649581","https://openalex.org/W3126043708","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098188310","https://openalex.org/W2117348455","https://openalex.org/W1588286431","https://openalex.org/W2182375226","https://openalex.org/W1528472973","https://openalex.org/W119310788","https://openalex.org/W3125292822","https://openalex.org/W3124019554","https://openalex.org/W4307051875","https://openalex.org/W6904153252"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"latest":[2,47],"president":[3],"in":[4,39],"Latin":[5,40],"America":[6],"to":[7,73,97,108,114,118],"adopt":[8],"social":[9,37,50],"funds":[10,38,51,90,116],"on":[11,31,34],"a":[12],"large":[13],"scale":[14],"as":[15],"an":[16],"integral":[17],"part":[18],"of":[19,28,64,68,79],"his":[20],"government":[21,87],"program":[22],"has":[23],"been":[24],"Hugo":[25],"Ch\u00e1vez":[26],"Fr\u00edas":[27],"Venezuela.":[29],"Based":[30],"the":[32,62,69,86,98,110,119],"literature":[33],"clientelism":[35],"and":[36,82,113],"America,":[41],"this":[42],"article":[43],"finds":[44],"that":[45],"Venezuela's":[46],"experiments":[48],"with":[49],"were":[52],"influenced":[53],"by":[54],"political":[55,111],"variables.":[56],"It":[57],"uses":[58],"empirical":[59],"data":[60],"from":[61],"distribution":[63],"resources":[65],"for":[66],"some":[67],"subnational":[70],"misiones":[71,102],"programs":[72],"show":[74],"how,":[75],"given":[76],"increased":[77],"levels":[78],"electoral":[80],"competition":[81],"weak":[83],"institutional":[84],"constraints,":[85],"used":[88],"these":[89],"clientelistically,":[91],"even":[92],"while":[93],"distributing":[94],"oil":[95],"income":[96],"very":[99,105],"poor.":[100],"Ch\u00e1vez's":[101],"served":[103],"two":[104],"different":[106],"purposes:":[107],"manipulate":[109],"context":[112],"distribute":[115],"directly":[117],"low-income":[120],"population.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}