{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113685366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1572","title":"The Economics of Routine Childhood Hepatitis A Immunization in the United States: The Impact of Herd Immunity","display_name":"The Economics of Routine Childhood Hepatitis A Immunization in the United States: The Impact of Herd Immunity","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113685366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1572","mag":"2113685366","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17200247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084501306","display_name":"Gregory L. Armstrong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-4970","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-4970"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160401","display_name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmke174","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory L. Armstrong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056932102","display_name":"Kaafee Billah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160401","display_name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmke174","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaafee Billah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060062241","display_name":"David B. Rein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-5789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-5789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Rein","raw_affiliation_strings":["RTI International, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RTI International, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011564469","display_name":"Katherine A. Hicks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1058-3401","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1058-3401"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine A. Hicks","raw_affiliation_strings":["RTI International, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RTI International, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002977376","display_name":"Kathleen E. Wirth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-851X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-851X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen E. Wirth","raw_affiliation_strings":["RTI International, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RTI International, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066014283","display_name":"Beth P. Bell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160401","display_name":"National Center for Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmke174","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210109567","https://openalex.org/I4210121439","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beth P. Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210160401"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.9827,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99104729,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"119","issue":"1","first_page":"e22","last_page":"e29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12025","display_name":"Hepatitis Viruses Studies and Epidemiology","score":0.14990000426769257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.042899999767541885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-a","display_name":"hepatitis A","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-immunization","display_name":"childhood immunization","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herd-immunity","display_name":"herd immunity","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-adjusted-life-years","display_name":"quality-adjusted life years","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination-coverage","display_name":"vaccination coverage","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-a-incidence","display_name":"hepatitis A incidence","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-per-quality-adjusted-life-year","display_name":"cost per quality-adjusted life year","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-cost","display_name":"vaccine cost","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-burden","display_name":"disease burden","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106192422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736798","display_name":"Herd immunity","level":3,"score":0.8988978862762451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8791441917419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.6663548946380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3553093","display_name":"Hepatitis A vaccine","level":4,"score":0.6482478380203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415366","display_name":"Immunization","level":3,"score":0.6135773658752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775876817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157661","display_name":"Hepatitis A","level":3,"score":0.5829756855964661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.5364227294921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194775826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209542","display_name":"Herd","level":2,"score":0.44444915652275085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4332849085330963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4233092665672302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4124712347984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.40857747197151184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131742","display_name":"Hepatitis","level":2,"score":0.31010138988494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.1123097836971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.10845893621444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005102","descriptor_name":"Health Expenditures","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006506","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis A","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006506","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis A","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006506","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis A","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017048","descriptor_name":"Health Care Costs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017589","descriptor_name":"Immunization Programs","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018803","descriptor_name":"Models, Economic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019057","descriptor_name":"Quality-Adjusted Life Years","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032521","descriptor_name":"Immunity, Herd","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S77494981","display_name":"PEDIATRICS","issn_l":"0031-4005","issn":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315734","host_organization_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315734"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Academy of Pediatrics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17200247","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17200247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194138636","https://openalex.org/W228144990","https://openalex.org/W1512398135","https://openalex.org/W1600360886","https://openalex.org/W2018407773","https://openalex.org/W2019914109","https://openalex.org/W2027545991","https://openalex.org/W2042284658","https://openalex.org/W2045922579","https://openalex.org/W2047429520","https://openalex.org/W2059537487","https://openalex.org/W2068166598","https://openalex.org/W2079832922","https://openalex.org/W2106518612","https://openalex.org/W2136808217","https://openalex.org/W2149885425","https://openalex.org/W2170550331","https://openalex.org/W4388299012","https://openalex.org/W4388366699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158238611","https://openalex.org/W2027545991","https://openalex.org/W2052721979","https://openalex.org/W2077859874","https://openalex.org/W2123836034","https://openalex.org/W4230303429","https://openalex.org/W2079832922","https://openalex.org/W4387076785","https://openalex.org/W2080965538","https://openalex.org/W2064294625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Because":[1],"of":[2,8,27,33,52,77,106,128,164,195,224,244],"the":[3,6,25,31,48,89,107,126,140,147,162,165,176,186,193,225,233,240,245],"herd-immunity":[4,124],"phenomenon,":[5],"benefits":[7,51,181,194],"immunization":[9,37,55,130,166,238,252],"against":[10],"hepatitis":[11,35,53,80,110,117,236],"A":[12,36,54,81,111,118,237],"extend":[13],"beyond":[14],"those":[15,18],"received":[16],"by":[17,95,100],"who":[19],"are":[20],"vaccinated.":[21],"This":[22],"analysis":[23,105],"estimates":[24,207],"impact":[26],"herd":[28,96],"immunity":[29,97],"on":[30,257],"cost-effectiveness":[32],"routine":[34,129],"among":[38],"US":[39,61],"children.":[40],"PATIENTS":[41],"AND":[42],"METHODS:":[43],"In":[44,202],"an":[45],"economic":[46],"model,":[47,87],"costs":[49,127,213],"and":[50,88,114,197],"were":[56,208],"estimated":[57,84],"for":[58,123,139,175,185,249],"immunizing":[59],"all":[60,223],"children":[62],"at":[63],"age":[64],"1":[65],"year":[66],"over":[67,200],"a":[68,102,203,258],"10-year":[69],"period":[70],"starting":[71,145],"in":[72,116],"2005.":[73],"The":[74],"future":[75],"burden":[76],"disease":[78],"from":[79,235],"was":[82,98],"also":[83],"with":[85,146],"this":[86],"fraction":[90],"that":[91],"would":[92,131,153,182,198],"be":[93,154,183],"prevented":[94],"modeled":[99],"using":[101],"previously":[103],"published":[104],"relationship":[108],"between":[109],"vaccination":[112,212],"coverage":[113],"declines":[115],"incidence.":[119],"RESULTS:":[120],"Without":[121],"accounting":[122,248],"effects,":[125,251],"average":[132],"32,000":[133],"dollars":[134,170,218],"per":[135,171,219],"quality-adjusted":[136,172,220],"life-year":[137,173,221],"gained":[138,174],"first":[141,177,187,241],"10":[142,178,242],"cohorts":[143],"immunized":[144],"2005":[148],"birth":[149],"cohort.":[150],"Herd-immunity":[151,180,228],"effects":[152,229],"expected":[155],"to":[156,168,211,255],"produce":[157],"substantial":[158],"additional":[159],"benefits,":[160],"lowering":[161],"cost":[163],"program":[167],"1000":[169],"cohorts.":[179],"greatest":[184],"few":[188],"cohorts,":[189],"more":[190,230],"than":[191,231],"doubling":[192],"immunization,":[196],"decline":[199],"time.":[201],"univariate":[204],"sensitivity":[205],"analysis,":[206],"most":[209],"sensitive":[210],"but":[214],"remained":[215],"below":[216],"20,000":[217],"under":[222],"assumptions.":[226],"CONCLUSIONS:":[227],"double":[232],"savings":[234],"during":[239],"years":[243],"program.":[246],"After":[247],"these":[250],"is":[253],"close":[254],"cost-neutral":[256],"cost-per-quality-adjusted-life-year":[259],"basis.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
