{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113258161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","title":"Chemistry, medicine, and the legitimization of English spas, 1740\u20131840","display_name":"Chemistry, medicine, and the legitimization of English spas, 1740\u20131840","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113258161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","mag":"2113258161","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11622593","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2557443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0025727300071003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6A10CAB1A23C65FD3DF1D29377B072BF/S0025727300071003a.pdf/div-class-title-chemistry-medicine-and-the-legitimization-of-english-spas-1740-1840-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102349131","display_name":"Medical History","issn_l":"0025-7273","issn":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6A10CAB1A23C65FD3DF1D29377B072BF/S0025727300071003a.pdf/div-class-title-chemistry-medicine-and-the-legitimization-of-english-spas-1740-1840-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082652070","display_name":"Christopher S. Hamlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-3995","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-3995"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Hamlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of History, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556 USA","I William Addison , English spas , London , Batsford , 1951 , p. v"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"I William Addison , English spas , London , Batsford , 1951 , p. v","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082652070"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3721,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9128045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"S10","first_page":"67","last_page":"81"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13108","display_name":"Therapeutic Uses of Natural Elements","score":0.02410000003874302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3603","display_name":"Complementary and Manual Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-water","display_name":"mineral water","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balneology","display_name":"balneology","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/18th-century","display_name":"18th century","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spa-culture","display_name":"spa culture","score":0.46000000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7240568399429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5603421926498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5009276866912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.4187876880168915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4021316170692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.34491586685180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0414583683013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001671","descriptor_name":"Biochemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002621","descriptor_name":"Chemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049711","descriptor_name":"History, Modern 1601-","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0025727300071003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6A10CAB1A23C65FD3DF1D29377B072BF/S0025727300071003a.pdf/div-class-title-chemistry-medicine-and-the-legitimization-of-english-spas-1740-1840-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102349131","display_name":"Medical History","issn_l":"0025-7273","issn":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2557443","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2557443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Med Hist Suppl","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11622593","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11622593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical history. Supplement","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0025727300071003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300071003","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6A10CAB1A23C65FD3DF1D29377B072BF/S0025727300071003a.pdf/div-class-title-chemistry-medicine-and-the-legitimization-of-english-spas-1740-1840-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102349131","display_name":"Medical History","issn_l":"0025-7273","issn":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2113258161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2113258161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024552641","https://openalex.org/W2051894406","https://openalex.org/W2569697702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248970371","https://openalex.org/W2099189344","https://openalex.org/W4283275777","https://openalex.org/W2075162568","https://openalex.org/W2072604345","https://openalex.org/W4283260562","https://openalex.org/W4291470584","https://openalex.org/W4281696022","https://openalex.org/W2106669880","https://openalex.org/W4210435741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"1951":[1],"William":[2],"Addison":[3],"began":[4],"his":[5],"history":[6],"of":[7,23,52,55,64,67,90,96,119,150,154,197,212,218,247,261,276],"the":[8,14,18,32,46,85,88,97,117,120,136,139,142,195,210,221,244,259,262,266,274,277],"English":[9],"spa":[10,47,92,140,279],"by":[11],"noting":[12],"that":[13,87,103],"vast":[15],"literature":[16],"on":[17],"medical":[19,72,263],"and":[20,60,70,73,76,102,122,132,156,160,162,175,193,230,241,265,270],"chemical":[21,74],"properties":[22,196],"mineral":[24,198],"waters":[25,33,222],"\"would":[26],"as":[27,31,49],"effectively":[28],"defy":[29],"analysis":[30],"themselves,":[34],"apparently,":[35],"invite":[36],"it\"":[37],".'Addison,":[38],"like":[39],"most":[40],"later":[41],"historians,":[42],"chose":[43],"to":[44,124,168],"see":[45],"mainly":[48],"a":[50,91,94,151],"phenomenon":[51],"social":[53],"history,":[54],"changes":[56],"in":[57,141,201,224,227,242],"manners,":[58],"morals,":[59],"amusements.2Yet":[61],"our":[62],"neglect":[63],"those":[65,189,205],"thousands":[66],"often":[68],"lengthy":[69],"passionate":[71],"treatises":[75],"pamphlets":[77],"is":[78],"surely":[79],"unwise.3It":[80],"has":[81],"left":[82,178],"us":[83,170],"with":[84,111,116,179],"impression":[86],"success":[89],"was":[93,106],"function":[95],"company":[98,105],"one":[99],"found":[100],"there,":[101],"this":[104,146],"utterly":[107],"frivolous,":[108],"little":[109,167,216],"concerned":[110],"health,":[112],"or":[113,115],"disease,":[114],"contents":[118],"waters,":[121,199],"glad":[123],"throw":[125],"money":[126],"at":[127],"quacks":[128],"whose":[129],"inordinate":[130],"claims":[131],"bizarre":[133],"theories":[134],"provided":[135],"pretence":[137],"for":[138,188,272],"first":[143],"place.However":[144],"well":[145,256],"perspective":[147],"reinforces":[148],"stereotypes":[149],"Georgian":[152],"world":[153],"rumpled":[155],"ruddy":[157],"country":[158],"squires":[159],"powdered":[161],"worldly-wise":[163],"ladies,":[164],"it":[165],"does":[166],"help":[169],"take":[171],"such":[172],"people":[173],"seriously,":[174],"we":[176],"are":[177,240,281],"more":[180,234],"questions":[181],"than":[182,237],"answers.We":[183],"have":[184,215],"no":[185],"raison":[186],"d'e'tre":[187],"many":[190],"works":[191,206],"claiming":[192],"explaining":[194],"though":[200],"some":[202],"behind-the-scenes":[203],"manner":[204],"probably":[207],"vitally":[208],"affected":[209],"fortunes":[211],"every":[213],"spa.We":[214],"notion":[217],"what":[219],"taking":[220],"meant":[223],"an":[225],"age":[226],"which":[228,243],"self-diagnosis":[229],"self-treatment":[231],"were":[232],"far":[233],"widely":[235],"accepted":[236],"they":[238],"currently":[239],"bio-chemical":[245],"reductionism":[246],"modern":[248],"medicine":[249],"had":[250],"not":[251],"yet":[252],"become":[253],"established.4We":[254],"may":[255],"be":[257],"misunderstanding":[258],"role":[260],"practitioner,":[264],"relations":[267],"between":[268],"doctor":[269],"patient,":[271],"if":[273],"accounts":[275],"pompous":[278],"doctors":[280],"correct,":[282],"their":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}