{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113238197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","title":"Bank Regulation in the United States","display_name":"Bank Regulation in the United States","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113238197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","mag":"2113238197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30207186","display_name":"CESifo Economic Studies","issn_l":"1610-241X","issn":["1610-241X","1612-7501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CESifo Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056685712","display_name":"James R. Barth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-7882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-7882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302991022","display_name":"Milken Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03f5t6469","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. R. Barth","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020 Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA","Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020 Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032516906","display_name":"T. Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302991022","display_name":"Milken Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03f5t6469","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020 Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA","Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020 Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041651899","display_name":"Wenling Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-7824","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2878-7824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302991022","display_name":"Milken Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03f5t6469","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020 Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA","Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. e-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020 Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Milken Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. e-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056685712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302991022"],"apc_list":{"value":3323,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3583},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2545,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91428267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"1","first_page":"112","last_page":"140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14154","display_name":"finance, banking, and market dynamics","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14419","display_name":"Banking Systems and Strategies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banking-regulation","display_name":"banking regulation","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-banking-system","display_name":"United States banking system","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subprime-mortgage-crisis","display_name":"subprime crisis","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-crunch","display_name":"credit crunch","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banking-law-reform","display_name":"banking law reform","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-intermediaries","display_name":"financial intermediaries","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-internationalization","display_name":"bank internationalization","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-financing","display_name":"external financing","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-depression","display_name":"Great Depression","score":0.7319999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.6902357339859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5665389895439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778300220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114380","display_name":"Financial crisis","level":2,"score":0.5625379681587219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552438157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8698","display_name":"Great Depression","level":2,"score":0.5556417107582092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180879305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590998","display_name":"Credit crunch","level":2,"score":0.5546301603317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195742910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494","display_name":"Recession","level":2,"score":0.5216498970985413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139569457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666223","display_name":"Intermediary","level":2,"score":0.48394492268562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156152238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1548025","display_name":"Retail banking","level":2,"score":0.48178574442863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148901597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844541","display_name":"Subprime mortgage crisis","level":3,"score":0.47981977462768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986226071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22687","display_name":"Banking industry","level":2,"score":0.42481717467308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510755694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281095","display_name":"Financial regulation","level":2,"score":0.42364501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183582576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184783","display_name":"Market liquidity","level":2,"score":0.4172292947769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3624361753463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.3356482982635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.324886679649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10779264569282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30207186","display_name":"CESifo Economic Studies","issn_l":"1610-241X","issn":["1610-241X","1612-7501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CESifo Economic Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:cesifo:v:56:y:2010:i:1:p:112-140","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/cesifo/ifp026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131380147","https://openalex.org/W1512444036","https://openalex.org/W1525952761","https://openalex.org/W1583268898","https://openalex.org/W1804910922","https://openalex.org/W1966729306","https://openalex.org/W2002574540","https://openalex.org/W2087145478","https://openalex.org/W2103450463","https://openalex.org/W2113093174","https://openalex.org/W2123382322","https://openalex.org/W2276572302","https://openalex.org/W2329623196","https://openalex.org/W2801277118","https://openalex.org/W3121275472","https://openalex.org/W3121422578","https://openalex.org/W3122369959","https://openalex.org/W3122913685","https://openalex.org/W3123183289","https://openalex.org/W3123769915","https://openalex.org/W3124588481","https://openalex.org/W3124614162","https://openalex.org/W3140375912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095580317","https://openalex.org/W994457792","https://openalex.org/W4206429374","https://openalex.org/W2619408894","https://openalex.org/W6922577171","https://openalex.org/W1550731079","https://openalex.org/W1582134074","https://openalex.org/W265066754","https://openalex.org/W7162790711","https://openalex.org/W2348625063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"have":[1,18,104],"been":[2],"major":[3,20],"changes":[4,64,102],"in":[5,24,45,81,106,111,116,123,151,164,195],"the":[6,25,30,37,46,50,75,84,88,100,109,112,121,126,144,160,169,176,192,196,199],"banking":[7,13,51,90,138,148],"system":[8,91],"structure":[9],"and":[10,32,36,53,59,92,120,132,136,140,156,175,186,206],"several":[11],"new":[12],"laws":[14],"over":[15],"time":[16],"that":[17,43,103,181,189],"had":[19],"impact":[21],"on":[22],"banks":[23,56,115,131],"USA.":[26],"In":[27,95],"response":[28,107],"to":[29,66,73,83,108,159,191],"1980s":[31],"early":[33],"1990s":[34],"crisis,":[35],"more":[38,63,170],"recent":[39],"mortgage":[40,178],"market":[41,179],"meltdown":[42,180],"began":[44],"summer":[47],"of":[48,77,87,114,128,147,162,173],"2007,":[49],"industry":[52],"regulations":[54],"governing":[55],"changed":[57],"profoundly":[58],"rapidly":[60],"with":[61,157],"even":[62],"likely":[65],"take":[67],"place.":[68],"It":[69],"is":[70],"therefore":[71],"important":[72],"delineate":[74],"nature":[76],"these":[78],"changes,":[79],"particularly":[80],"comparison":[82],"pre-crisis":[85],"character":[86],"US":[89],"regulatory":[93,101],"environment.":[94],"particular,":[96],"this":[97],"article":[98],"discusses":[99],"emerged":[105],"decline":[110],"role":[113],"firms\u2019":[117],"external":[118],"financing,":[119],"rise":[122],"noninterest-generating":[124],"activities;":[125],"blurring":[127],"distinctions":[129],"between":[130,137],"other":[133,141],"depository":[134],"institutions,":[135],"companies":[139],"financial":[142],"intermediaries;":[143],"growing":[145],"complexity":[146],"organizations,":[149],"both":[150],"a":[152,183],"corporate":[153],"hierarchy":[154],"sense,":[155],"respect":[158],"range":[161],"activities":[163],"which":[165],"they":[166],"can":[167],"engage;":[168],"intense":[171],"globalization":[172],"banking;":[174],"subprime":[177],"triggered":[182],"credit":[184],"crunch":[185],"liquidity":[187],"freeze":[188],"led":[190],"worst":[193],"recession":[194],"USA":[197],"since":[198],"Great":[200],"Depression.":[201],"(JEL":[202],"codes:":[203],"G21,":[204],"G28":[205],"G01)":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}