{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110062289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","title":"Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens","display_name":"Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110062289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","mag":"2110062289","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11038613","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/20471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/20471","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042313556","display_name":"Fred L. Gould","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-5306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-5306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Gould","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003866515","display_name":"Arne Anderson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012109422","display_name":"Alfred Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024176055","display_name":"Douglas V. Sumerford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Sumerford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003976129","display_name":"David G. Heckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-2150","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-2150"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. G. Heckel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079230997","display_name":"Juan D. L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-5212","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-5212"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112816159","display_name":"Steve Micinski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Micinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006925844","display_name":"Rogers Leonard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051095814","display_name":"M. L. Laster","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Laster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634; Southern Crops Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77840; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bossier City, LA 71113; Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Winnsboro, LA 71295; and Agricultural Research Station,  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":328,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97364961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"8","first_page":"3519","last_page":"3523"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11075","display_name":"Insect Resistance and Genetics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11075","display_name":"Insect Resistance and Genetics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11426","display_name":"Genetically Modified Organisms Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10135","display_name":"Insect-Plant Interactions and Control","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heliothis-virescens","display_name":"Heliothis virescens","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bt-toxin-resistance","display_name":"Bt toxin resistance","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacillus-thuringiensis","display_name":"Bacillus thuringiensis","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-allele-frequency","display_name":"resistance allele frequency","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transgenic-cotton","display_name":"transgenic cotton","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insecticide-resistance-evolution","display_name":"insecticide resistance evolution","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-populations","display_name":"field populations","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780817676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5706029","display_name":"Heliothis virescens","level":4,"score":0.9267144203186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779035793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310467","display_name":"Bacillus thuringiensis","level":3,"score":0.911204993724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8489453792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180754005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726","display_name":"Allele","level":3,"score":0.5951830744743347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5194149017333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514575182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228395","display_name":"Mating","level":2,"score":0.4943861961364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778693464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3610615","display_name":"Pesticide resistance","level":3,"score":0.47675618529319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122172344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503477","display_name":"Genetically modified crops","level":4,"score":0.4581538438796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37463918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387981","display_name":"Allele frequency","level":4,"score":0.45034050941467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4333045780658722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22508944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568174","display_name":"PEST analysis","level":2,"score":0.42804545164108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.32434844970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102230213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430117","display_name":"Transgene","level":3,"score":0.3176482617855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.22009581327438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778350275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q459180","display_name":"Noctuidae","level":3,"score":0.21080565452575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.20825016498565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161176658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131656","display_name":"Pesticide","level":2,"score":0.19813358783721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.18988388776779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.07480335235595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:20471","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/20471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11038613","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11038613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_440643","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0012-A9D5-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:20471","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/20471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5666999816894531,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72329046","https://openalex.org/W132922328","https://openalex.org/W184278840","https://openalex.org/W1506812395","https://openalex.org/W1969452260","https://openalex.org/W1969517400","https://openalex.org/W1969925031","https://openalex.org/W1978045508","https://openalex.org/W1984489298","https://openalex.org/W1988032424","https://openalex.org/W1997420207","https://openalex.org/W2003201696","https://openalex.org/W2004708236","https://openalex.org/W2027158064","https://openalex.org/W2032051881","https://openalex.org/W2034411705","https://openalex.org/W2038253008","https://openalex.org/W2064132217","https://openalex.org/W2071864393","https://openalex.org/W2082641301","https://openalex.org/W2083867651","https://openalex.org/W2090091975","https://openalex.org/W2135291650","https://openalex.org/W2151212512","https://openalex.org/W2155720447","https://openalex.org/W2313328814","https://openalex.org/W2322940512","https://openalex.org/W2326173436","https://openalex.org/W2326804172","https://openalex.org/W2492055674","https://openalex.org/W2498427311","https://openalex.org/W2797692640","https://openalex.org/W4296980202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038904579","https://openalex.org/W2173643248","https://openalex.org/W2376750653","https://openalex.org/W2363197240","https://openalex.org/W2349750262","https://openalex.org/W2111238410","https://openalex.org/W2180664956","https://openalex.org/W1993300937","https://openalex.org/W2129972090","https://openalex.org/W2094488197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45],"risk":[1,77],"of":[2,16,28,33,42,48,78,92,109,123,136,169],"rapid":[3],"pest":[4],"adaptation":[5],"to":[6,74,87,107,130,157,181,204],"an":[7,55],"insecticide":[8],"is":[9],"highly":[10],"dependent":[11],"on":[12,38],"the":[13,60,76,124,133,149,167],"initial":[14,146],"frequency":[15,135,147],"resistance":[17,34,139,172,197],"alleles":[18,137,175],"in":[19,104,153,195,200],"field":[20,134],"populations.":[21],"Because":[22,174],"we":[23,70,127],"have":[24,36],"lacked":[25],"empirical":[26],"estimates":[27],"these":[29],"frequencies,":[30],"population-genetic":[31],"models":[32],"evolution":[35],"relied":[37],"a":[39,110],"wide":[40],"range":[41],"theoretical":[43],"estimates.":[44],"recent":[46],"commercialization":[47],"genetically":[49],"engineered":[50],"cotton":[51,156],"that":[52,69,176],"constitutively":[53],"produces":[54],"insecticidal":[56,206],"protein":[57],"derived":[58],"from":[59],"biocontrol":[61],"agent,":[62],"Bacillus":[63],"thuringiensis":[64],"(Bt)":[65],"has":[66],"raised":[67],"concern":[68],"lack":[71],"data":[72],"needed":[73],"quantify":[75],"insect":[79,159],"pests":[80],"such":[81],"as":[82,140],"Heliothis":[83],"virescens":[84,101],"rapidly":[85],"adapting":[86],"this":[88,190],"ecologically":[89],"valuable":[90],"class":[91],"toxins.":[93],"By":[94],"individually":[95],"mating":[96,163],"over":[97],"2,000":[98],"male":[99],"H.":[100],"moths":[102],"collected":[103],"four":[105],"states":[106],"females":[108],"Bt":[111,182],"toxin-resistant":[112],"laboratory":[113],"strain,":[114],"and":[115,118,184],"screening":[116],"F1":[117],"F2":[119],"offspring":[120],"for":[121,138,151],"tolerance":[122],"toxic":[125],"protein,":[126],"were":[128],"able":[129],"directly":[131],"estimate":[132],"1.5":[141],"x":[142],"10(-3).":[143],"This":[144],"high":[145],"underscores":[148],"need":[150],"caution":[152],"deploying":[154],"transgenic":[155,205],"control":[158],"pests.":[160],"Our":[161],"single-pair":[162],"technique":[164,191],"greatly":[165],"increases":[166],"efficiency":[168],"detecting":[170],"recessive":[171],"alleles.":[173],"decrease":[177],"target":[178],"site":[179],"sensitivity":[180],"toxins":[183],"other":[185,201],"insecticides":[186],"are":[187],"often":[188],"recessive,":[189],"could":[192],"be":[193],"useful":[194],"estimating":[196],"allele":[198],"frequencies":[199],"insects":[202],"exposed":[203],"crops":[207],"or":[208],"conventional":[209],"insecticides.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}